Table 3. Clinical outcomes stratified according to the use of invasive support.
| Outcomes | All n=1,427 | First wave n=421 | Second wave n=1,006 | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destination at hospital discharge, n/total n (%) | 0.452& | |||
| Home | 1,220/1,422 (85.8) | 358/421 (85.0) | 862/1,001 (86.1) | |
| Home-care | 15/1,422 (1.1) | 7/421 (1.7) | 8/1,001 (0.8) | |
| Transfer to another hospital | 13/1,422 (0.9) | 5/421 (1.2) | 8/1,001 (0.8) | |
| Death | 174/1,422 (12.2) | 51/421 (12.1) | 123/1,001 (12.3) | |
| Palliative care | 24/1,422 (1.7) | 16/421 (3.8) | 8/1,001 (0.8) | <0.001& |
| ICU mortality | 158/1,427 (11.1) | 44/421 (10.5) | 114/1,006 (11.3) | 0.696& |
| Hospital mortality | 174/1,422 (12.2) | 51/421 (12.1) | 123/1,001 (12.3) | 0.998& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 8 (5-16) | 8 (4-15) | 9 (5-16) | 0.009# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 13 (9-22) | 12 (8-22) | 13 (9-22) | 0.031# |
| According to the use of MV | ||||
| Patients who received MV, n/total n (%) | 494/1,427 (34.6) | 137/421 (32.5) | 357/1,006 (35.5) | |
| ICU mortality | 128/494 (25.9) | 30/137 (21.9) | 98/357 (27.5) | 0.252& |
| Hospital mortality | 138/491 (28.1) | 36/137 (26.3) | 102/354 (28.8) | 0.654& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 18 (13-29)§ | 18 (12-30)§ | 18 (13-29)§ | 0.735# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 24 (16-38)§ | 24 (15-41)§ | 24 (16-37)§ | 0.836# |
| Patients who did not receive MV, n/total n (%) | 933/1,427 (65.4) | 284/421 (67.5) | 649/1,006 (64.5) | |
| ICU mortality | 30/933 (3.2) | 14/284 (4.9) | 16/649 (2.5) | 0.078& |
| Hospital mortality | 36/931 (3.9) | 15/284 (5.3) | 21/647 (3.2) | 0.194& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 6 (3-9) | 5 (2-9) | 6 (4-9) | 0.001# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 11 (8-14) | 10 (7-14) | 11 (8-14) | 0.012# |
| According to the use of RRT | ||||
| Patients who received RRT, n/total n (%) | 149/1,427 (10.4) | 35/421 (8.3) | 114/1,006 (11.3) | |
| ICU mortality | 76/149 (51.0) | 13/35 (37.1) | 63/114 (55.3) | 0.092& |
| Hospital mortality | 80/149 (53.7) | 17/35 (48.6) | 63/114 (55.3) | 0.617& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 26 (15-42)¶ | 25 (12-48)¶ | 27 (16-40)¶ | 0.975# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 34 (18-56)¶ | 36 (17-56)¶ | 33 (18-57)¶ | 0.525# |
| Patients who did not receive RRT, n/total n (%) | 1,278/1,427 (89.6) | 386/421 (91.7) | 892/1,006 (88.7) | |
| ICU mortality | 82/1,278 (6.4) | 31/386 (8.0) | 51/892 (5.7) | 0.154& |
| Hospital mortality | 94/1,273 (7.4) | 34/386 (8.8) | 60/887 (6.8) | 0.244& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 8 (4-14) | 7 (3-13) | 8 (5-14) | 0.033# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 13 (9-19) | 12 (8-19) | 13 (9-19) | 0.053# |
| According to the use of ECMO | ||||
| Patients who received ECMO, n/total n (%) | 20/1,427 (1.4) | 6/421 (1.4) | 14/1,006 (1.4) | |
| ICU mortality | 10/20 (50.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | 9/14 (64.3) | 0.141$ |
| Hospital mortality | 11/20 (55.0) | 2/6 (33.3) | 9/14 (64.3) | 0.336$ |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 25 (16-45)‡ | 37 (22-55)† | 25 (12-40)‡ | 0.353# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 31 (16-49)‡ | 49 (27-56)† | 26 (12-46)Ψ | 0.153# |
| Patients who did not receive ECMO, n/total n (%) | 1,407/1,427 (98.6) | 415/421 (98.6) | 992/1,006 (98.6) | |
| ICU mortality | 148/1,407 (10.5) | 43/415 (10.4) | 105/992 (10.6) | 0.977& |
| Hospital mortality | 163/1,402 (11.6) | 49/415 (11.8) | 114/987 (11.6) | 0.963& |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 8 (5-16) | 8 (4-15) | 9 (5-16) | 0.007# |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 13 (9-21) | 12 (8-21) | 13 (9-21) | 0.020# |
Values represent median (IQR) or n/total n (%).
* P values were calculated using; # Mann-Whitney U test; & χ2 test; $ Fisher’s Exact test; § p<0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) versus patients who did not receive MV; ¶ p<0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) versus patients who did not receive RRT; ‡ p<0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) versus patients who did not receive ECMO; † p<0.005 (Mann-Whitney U test) versus patients who did not receive ECMO; Ψ p=0.016 (Mann-Whitney U test) versus patients who did not receive ECMO.
ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; MV: mechanical ventilation; RRT: renal replacement therapy; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.