Table 4.
Obesity indices and body composition of the study participants throughout the study.
| Variable | Intervention | Control | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Weight (kg) | |||
| Before | 87.91 ± 13.64 | 83.97 ± 12.20 | 0.341∗ |
| After | 82.98 ± 11.06 | 82.04 ± 10.83 | 0.788∗∗∗ |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −4.92 (−8.99, −0.85) 0.021 | −1.93 (−5.05, 1.20) 0.214 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Before | 35.03 ± 4.39 | 32.88 ± 3.82 | 0.105 |
| After | 33.09 ± 3.41 | 32.12 ± 3.29 | 0.369 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −1.94 (−3.50, −0.38) 0.017 | −0.75 (−1.98, 0.47) 0.215 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Before | 106.13 ± 10.71 | 104.48 ± 9.82 | 0.613 |
| After | 100.56 ± 7.21 | 102.08 ± 8.85 | 0.557 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −5.57 (−9.30, −1.84) 0.006 | −2.39 (−4.18, −0.61) 0.011 | |
| Hip circumference (cm) | |||
| Before | 118.55 ± 9.59 | 114.71 ± 9.46 | 0.210 |
| After | 113.68 ± 6.33 | 111.87 ± 6.63 | 0.385 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −4.87 (−8.25, −1.50) 0.007 | −2.84 (−5.74, 0.07) 0.055 | |
| WHR | |||
| Before | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.449 |
| After | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.103 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.358 | −0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.916 | |
| WHtR | |||
| Before | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.06 | 0.405 |
| After | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.896 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) 0.005 | −0.16 (−0.03, −0.001) 0.009 | |
| FM (kg) | |||
| Before | 42.22 ± 8.63 | 39.38 ± 7.91 | 0.284 |
| After | 39.29 ± 6.91 | 37.81 ± 6.18 | 0.482 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −2.93 (−5.57, −0.09) 0.044 | −1.57 (−4.01, 0.88) 0.197 | |
| SMM (kg) | |||
| Before | 20.24 ± 3.19 | 19.62 ± 2.62 | 0.507 |
| After | 19.14 ± 2.45 | 19.01 ± 1.93 | 0.847 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −1.09 (−2.03, −0.16) 0.024 | −0.61 (−1.38, 0.16) 0.112 | |
| VAT (kg) | |||
| Before | 8.52 ± 2.71 | 6.89 ± 2.11 | 0.039 |
| After | 8.03 ± 2.26 | 6.52 ± 1.79 | 0.024 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −0.49 (−8.99, −0.85) 0.208 | −0.37 (−0.91, 0.17) 0.167 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | |||
| Before | 35.39 ± 9.06 | 40.95 ± 14.05 | 0.494 |
| After | 34.40 ± 7.07 | 36.64 ± 11.43 | 0.467 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −0.99 (−5.32, 3.35) 0.638 | −4.32 (−6.78, 15.41) 0.427 | |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | |||
| Before | 19.75 ± 7.26 | 19.55 ± 6.87 | 0.958 |
| After | 15.85 ± 4.02 | 18.49 ± 7.29 | 0.361 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | −3.90 (−8.45, 0.64) 0.088 | −1.06 (−0.64, 2.76) 0.207 | |
| Leptin/adiponectin | |||
| Before | 2.01 ± 0.49 | 2.12 ± 0.44 | 0.446 |
| After | 2.24 ± 0.53 | 2.19 ± 0.38 | 0.729 |
| MD (CI 95%), p∗∗ | 0.23 (−0.56, 0.10) 0.155 | 0.07 (−0.31, 0.18) 0.580 | |
BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; WhtR, waist to height ratio; FM, fat mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; VAT, visceral adipose tissue. Anthropometric measures in this table have been previously published [29]. ∗p value for independent sample t-test;∗∗p value for paired t-test;∗∗∗p value for ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values. A p value <0.05 is statistically significant.