Table 3.
The Bayley-III scores and the global score of HINE of 2-year-old children by maternal diet quality measured by IDQ in early and late pregnancy.
| Early pregnancy | Late Pregnancy | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Good diet quality adjusted mean (SE) |
Poor diet quality adjusted mean (SE) |
Adjusted mean difference (good-poor) / OR (95% CI) | Adjusted pa or p | n | Good diet adjusted quality mean (SE) |
Poor diet adjusted quality mean (SE) |
Adjusted mean difference (good-poor) / OR (95% CI) | Adjusted pa or p | |
| Bayley-III | ||||||||||
| Composite cognitionb | 107/119 | 110 (2.71) | 112 (2.64) | −1.43 (−4.87; 2.00) | 0.41 | 124/99 | 112 (2.65) | 110 (2.65) | 2.49 (−0.92; 5.90) | 0.15 |
| Composite languageb | 104/109 | 107 (3.21) | 106 (3.11) | 1.18 (−2.98; 5.34) | 0.58 | 117/90 | 108 (3.13) | 104 (3.15) | 3.92 (−0.25; 8.10) | 0.07 |
| Expressive languageb | 102/11 | 10.1 (0.67) | 9.48 (0.65) | 0.60 (−0.27; 1.46) | 0.18 | 119/91 | 10.1 (0.65) | 9.25 (0.66) | 0.87 (0.004; 1.73) | 0.049 |
| Receptive languageb | 102/109 | 12.3 (0.58) | 12.5 (0.56) | −0.17 (−0.92; 0.57) | 0.65 | 120/90 | 12.5 (0.57) | 12.2 (0.57) | 0.33 (−0.42; 1.08) | 0.39 |
| Composite motorb | 83/90 | 110 (3.30) | 112 (3.05) | −2.08 (−5.88; 1.72) | 0.28 | 92/79 | 111 (3.24) | 111 (3.13) | 0.23 (−3.65; 4.11) | 0.91 |
| Fine motorb | 120/90 | 12.8 (0.67) | 13.0 (0.62) | −0.22 (−0.99; 0.55) | 0.57 | 92/79 | 13.0 (0.66) | 12.7 (0.64) | 0.32 (−0.48; 1.12) | 0.43 |
| Gross motorb | 87/123 | 11.4 (0.58) | 11.8 (055) | −0.39 (−1.13; 0.36) | 0.31 | 133/101 | 11.6 (0.57) | 11.7 (0.56) | −0.05 (−0.81; 0.71) | 0.90 |
| HINE | ||||||||||
| Global scorec,* | 115/124 | 76.0 (75.0; 77.0) | 75.5 (74.0; 76.5) | 0.27 | 133/102 | 76.0 (74.8; 76.5) | 76.0 (74.0; 77.0) | 0.86 | ||
| Suboptimal/optimal scored,e | 105/121 |
18 (17.1) 87 (82.9) |
19 (15.7) 102 (84.3) |
0.84 (0.39; 1.81) | 0.66 | 125/100 |
20 (16.0) 105 (84.0) |
16 (16.0) 84 (84.0) |
0.93 (0.42; 2.05) | 0.86 |
Early pregnancy, mean 13.9, SD 2.08 gestational weeks; late pregnancy mean 35.1, SD 0.96 gestational weeks. Optimal score of HINE ≥ 74, suboptimal score of HINE < 74.
CI Confidence interval, HINE Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, OR Odds ratio.
The differences in n are due to missing values.
*Mann–Whitney U test for the Global score of HINE. Due to skewed distribution, adjusted analysis was conducted with categorical variable.
aGeneral linear model. Adjusted for maternal education, employee status, marital status, pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy smoking status, primiparity, child’s sex, and intervention groups.
Data are expressed as badjusted mean (SE), cmedian (interquartile range) or dfrequency (%).
eBinary logistic regression model for categorical variable (suboptimal score of HINE, poor diet quality as a reference category).