Table 7.
Results of relationship between internal training load and change in injury risk
| Monitoring method | Measure vs injury risk | Relationship | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart rate | eTRIMP | 1 Unit = increase in injury risk; p = 0.014* | [81] |
| Novel scale | Annual high intensity | p = 0.06 | [58] |
| Annual training load | p = 0.10 | [58] | |
| Average hours | p = 0.36 | [58] | |
| Total high intensity | p = 0.16 | [58] | |
| Total training hours | p = 0.54 | [58] | |
| Total training load | p = 0.24 | [58] | |
| sRPE | 1-week load | RR = 1.11 [95% CI 0.84–1.50]; p = 0.44 | [45] |
| 1-week load | OR = 1.00 [90% CI 0.99–1.00] | [83] | |
| 1-week load | OR = 0.56 [95% CI 0.42–0.73]; p < 0.001* | [63] | |
| 1-week load | OR = 1.43 [95% CI 1.07–1.92]; p = 0.015* | [63] | |
| 1-week differential load | p = 0.86 | [77] | |
| 1-week EWMA load | RR = 1.88 [95% CI 1.21–1.91]; p = 0.005 | [77] | |
| 1-week load > 898 AU | OR = 2.75 [95% CI 1.00–7.59]; p = 0.05* | [75] | |
| 1-week load > 6844 AU (< 3330 reference) | RR = 2.12 [95% CI 0.77–5.85] | [69] | |
| 1-week load > 6844 AU (3330–4994 reference) | RR = 1.93 [95% CI 0.90–4.15] | [69] | |
| 1-week load > 6844 AU (4995–6844 reference) | RR = 2.29 [95% CI 1.03–5.07]* | [69] | |
| 1-week load 3330–4994 AU (< 3330 reference) | RR = 1.10 [95% CI 0.40–2.98] | [69] | |
| 1-week load 4995–6844 AU (< 3330 reference) | RR = 0.93 [95% CI 0.33–2.59] | [69] | |
| 1-week load 4995–6844 AU (3330–4994 reference) | RR = 0.85 [95% CI 0.39–1.84] | [69] | |
| 1-week load | OR = 1.62 [CI 1.16–2.29]; p = 0.005* | [90] | |
| 1-week load vs overuse injury | OR = 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.02]; p ≥ 0.05 | [40] | |
| 1-week load vs traumatic injury | OR = 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.02]; p < 0.05* | [40] | |
| 2-week ACWR | RR = 0.99 [95% CI 0.90–1.09]; p = 0.82 | [45] | |
| 2-week load | RR = 1.03 [95% CI 0.77–1.38]; p = 0.85 | [45] | |
| 2-week load | OR = 1.01 [95% CI 0.91–1.11]; p = 0.90 | [63] | |
| 2-week training load > 1713 AU | OR = 2.57 [95% CI 0.94–7.07]; p = 0.07 | [75] | |
| 3-week ACWR | RR = 1.00 [95% CI 0.95–1.06]; p = 0.91 | [45] | |
| 3-week load | RR = 0.97 [95% CI 0.74–1.28]; p = 0.82 | [45] | |
| 3-week load | OR = 0.99 [95% CI 0.89–1.11]; p = 0.90 | [63] | |
| 3-week training load > 2376 AU | OR = 2.57 [95% CI 0.94–7.07]; p = 0.07 | [75] | |
| 4-week ACWR | RR = 1.01 [95% CI 0.96–1.07]; p = 0.73 | [45] | |
| 4-week ACWR | HR = 2.76 [95% CI 1.58–4.82]; p < 0.01* | [72] | |
| 4-week ACWR | OR = 0.16 [90% CI 0.01–1.84] | [83] | |
| 4-week ACWR | OR = 1.20 [95% CI 0.87–1.64]; p = 0.26 | [63] | |
| 4-week ACWR | OR = 0.68 [95% CI 0.40–0.96]; p = 0.03* | [63] | |
| 4-week ACWR > 1.3 | OR = 0.40 [95% CI 0.13–1.22]; p = 0.11 | [75] | |
| 4-week ACWR vs injury | OR = 1.59 [CI 1.1–2.5]; p = 0.03* | [90] | |
| 4-week load | RR = 1.00 [95% CI 0.76–1.33]; p = 0.97 | [45] | |
| 4-week load | OR = 0.92 [95% CI 0.83–1.03]; p = 0.13 | [63] | |
| 4-week load > 2996 AU | OR = 2.57 [95% CI 0.94–7.07]; p = 0.07 | [75] | |
| 4-week load | OR = 1.13 [CI 0.75–1.67]; p = 0.55 | [90] | |
| Daily training load | OR = 1.98 [CI 1.43–2.78]; p < 0.01* | [90] | |
| Daily training load | OR = 1.91 [CI 1.40–2.63]; p < 0.01* | [90] | |
| High (> 0.35) 3-day training load z-score | RR = 2.4 [1.57–3.66]; p < 0.001* | [33] | |
| High (> 0.67) 14-day training load z-score | RR = 1.89 [1.26–2.85]; p = 0.01* | [33] | |
| High (> 1.30) EWMA ACWR | RR = 1.01 [0.65–1.58]; Unclear; p = 0.96 | [33] | |
| High 1-week training load | RR = 1.65; p < 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 2-week training load | RR = 1.03; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 3-week training load | RR = 1.09; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 4-week training load | RR = 1.2; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 4-week training load ACWR | RR = 1.01; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 4-week training load ACWR with high chronic workload | RR = 0.43; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| High 4-week training load ACWR with low chronic workload | RR = 1.59; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 1-week training load | RR = 0.27; p < 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 2-week training load | RR = 0.5; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 3-week training load | RR = 0.55; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 4-week training load | RR = 0.75; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 4-week training load ACWR | RR = 0.84; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 4-week training load ACWR with high chronic workload | RR = 0.81; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Low 4-week training load ACWR with low chronic workload | RR = 0.37; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Medium (< 0.45–0.35) 3-day training load z-score | RR = 1.18 [0.73–1.93]; p = 0.56 | [33] | |
| Medium (− 0.40 to 0.67) 14-day training load z-score | RR = 1.18 [0.82–1.71]; p = 0.46 | [33] | |
| Medium (0.80–1.30) EWMA ACWR | RR = 0.99 [0.64–1.56]; p = 0.99 | [33] | |
| Moderate–high 1-week training load | RR = 0.98; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 2-week training load | RR = 1.38; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 3-week training load | RR = 1.39; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 4-week training load | RR = 1.12; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 4-week training load ACWR | RR = 1.34; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 4-week training load ACWR with high chronic workload | RR = 1.34; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–high 4-week training load ACWR with low chronic workload | RR = 1.16; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 1-week training load | RR = 1.45; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 2-week training load | RR = 1.07; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 3-week training load | RR = 0.98; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 4-week training load | RR = 1.01; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 4-week training load ACWR | RR = 1.15; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 4-week training load ACWR with high chronic workload | RR = 1.22; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Moderate–low 4-week training load ACWR with low chronic workload | RR = 1.15; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Monotony | OR = 1.01 [95% CI 0.92–1.11]; p = 0.843 | [63] | |
| Monotony > 0.53 | OR = 6.16 [95% CI 1.58–24.06]; p = 0.01* | [75] | |
| Monotony > 0.53 | OR = 4.17 [95% CI 1.48–11.72]; p = 0.01* | [75] | |
| Monotony vs overuse injury | OR = 0.84 [95% CI 0.25–2.76]; p ≥ 0.05 | [40] | |
| Monotony vs traumatic injury | OR = 2.59 [95% CI 1.22–5.50]; p < 0.05* | [40] | |
| Prior-day training load vs injury | OR = 1.38 [CI 1.01–1.88]; p = 0.040* | [90] | |
| Prior-day training load | OR = 1.42 [CI 1.04–1.95]; p = 0.027* | [90] | |
| Session load | OR = 0.64 [95% CI 0.49–0.83] p < 0.01* | [63] | |
| Session load | OR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.11–1.88]; p < 0.01* | [63] | |
| Strain | OR = 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.88]; p < 0.01* | [63] | |
| Strain > 809 AU | OR = 0.35 [95% CI 0.05–2.32]; p = 0.28 | [75] | |
| Strain | OR = 1.41 [95% CI 1.02–1.93]; p = 0.03* | [63] | |
| Strain > 809 AU | OR = 2.49 [95% CI 0.79–7.88]; p = 0.12 | [75] | |
| Strain vs overuse injury | OR = 1.00 [95% CI 1.00–1.01]; p ≥ 0.05 | [40] | |
| Strain vs traumatic injury | OR = 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.01]; p < 0.05* | [40] | |
| Very high 1-week training load | RR = 2; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Very high 2-week training load | RR = 1.93; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Very high 3-week training load | RR = 1.59; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Very high 4-week training load | RR = 1.84; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Very high 4-week training load ACWR | RR = 1.17; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Very high 4-week training load ACWR with high chronic workload | RR = 2.67; p > 0.05 | [38] | |
| Weekly change in load | RR = 1.00 [95% CI 0.96–1.04]; p = 0.93 | [45] | |
| Weekly change in load | OR = 1.00 [95% CI 0.93–1.07]; p = 0.95 | [63] | |
| Weekly change in load > 410 AU | OR = 3.70 [95% CI 0.87–15.75]; p = 0.41 | [75] | |
| Weekly change in load > 410 AU | OR = 3.27 [95% CI 1.15–9.32]; p = 0.03* | [75] | |
| Weekly percentage change in load | OR = 0.94 [95% CI 0.86–1.03]; p = 0.21 | [63] |
ACWR acute to chronic work to rest ratio, AU arbitrary units, eTRIMP Edwards’ training impulse, EWMA exponentially weighted moving average, OR odds ratio, RR relative risk
*Statistically significant result