Fig. 3.

DSF protects CMs from H₂O₂-induced injury by inhibiting GSDMD but not ALDH1. A qRT-PCR showing siRNA knockdown efficiency targeting either ALDH1 or GSDMD (3 siRNA/gene) in NRVMs. n = 2 per group. B-E Fold change of LDH release (B), CCK-8 detection (C), numbers of live CMs (D), and representative images of calcein AM staining (E) in NRVMs in the presence or absence of ALDH1- or GSDMD-siRNA and then exposed to 400 μM H₂O₂ for 30 min. n = 4 (B, C) or 5 (D, E) per group. F, G ELISA results of IL-18 release (F) and western blot analysis of GSDMD and GSDMD-NT expression (G) in NRVMs after exposure to 400 μM H₂O₂ in the presence or absence of DSF for 24 h. n = 4 (F) or 2 (G) per group. Scale bar, 100 μm (E). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns, no significant difference. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test (A-D, F, G). Data are the mean ± s.e.m. A-D, F, G