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. 2023 Jun 1;17(8):1267–1277. doi: 10.1038/s41396-023-01428-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Visualization of bacteria by DOPE-FISH/CLSM microscopy. Plant autofluorescence was visualized in cyan, signals representing the Burkho probe in magenta and that of the nucleic acid stain SYBR-Safe in yellow. a, d and f are composite images of all three channels, b, c and e are overlays of the magenta and the yellow channel only, as the yellow channel was usually sufficient to visualize epidermal autofluorescence in leaf samples. a, b, c and e are images of the lower leaf epidermis, d and f of roots. a and b show stomata colonized by Msb3, c a trichome. d shows a root crack filled with labelled bacteria, f shows a non-colonized 1st degree side root with root hairs that are colonized at the tips.