Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the acquisition and composition of mosquito microbiota.

A Mosquito larval microbiota are determined by food resources, environmental changes, larval-mediated filtration, and their microhabitat conditions. B Mosquito adult microbiota are determined by various environmental factors or genetic factors, such as genetic variation in activation of different signal pathways. C Mosquito pupal microbiota are determined by larval secretion and/or inheritance from larvae. Dotted boxes with different colors: the mosquito microbes at different life stages identified at the genus level refer to some recently published studies, the bold purple font indicates the shared bacteria in larva, pupa, and adult stages, and the bold black font indicates the specific bacteria. The black arrows indicate mosquito life history. The red arrows indicate environmental factors regulating mosquito microbiota, and the yellow arrows indicate mosquito host-mediated regulation role on its microbiota.