Table 1.

Influence of specific microbes on mosquito physiology and pathogen transmission.

Mosquito species	Microbiota species	Locations	Functions	Refs
Aedes aegypti	Wolbachia*	Malpighian tubules, ovaries, and testes	Life span, CI, PB effect, immune activation, inhibition parasites	[78, 85, 86]
	Serratia marcescens	Gut	Arboviruses infection promotion, colonization, and blood-feeding	[29, 87]
	Beauveria bassiana		Life span, PB effect	[88]
	Talaromyces		DENV infection promotion, blood-digesting	[89]
Aedes atropalpus	Comamonas	Gut	Development and oviposition	[90]
Aedes albopictus,	Asaia*	Unknow	Immune activation and against Plasmodium	[16]
	Wolbachia*	Ovaries, midguts, and salivary glands	CI	[91]
Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi*, Anopheles gambiae Anopheles coluzzii	Asaia	Gut, ovaries, testes, and salivary glands	Life span, nutrition, development, immune activation, against Plasmodium, insecticide resistance	[16, 92, 93]
Anopheles gambiae	Enterobacter	Gut	Against Plasmodium	[67]
	Serratia marcescens		Immune activation	[79]
	Pantoea agglomerans		Against Plasmodium	[94]
	Penicillium chrysogenum		Immune inhibition, enhance Plasmodium infection	[95]
Anopheles stephensi	Serratia ureilytica Su_YN1	Gut	Against Plasmodium via secreting an antimalarial lipase	[15]
	Serratia marcescens		Agaist Plasmodium	[96]
	Beauveria bassiana	Gut, hemocoel	Life span	[97]
	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	Gut	Against Plasmodium	[98]
	Wolbachia*	Midguts, salivary glands, fat bodies, and ovaries	PB, CI	[99]
Anopheles sinensis	Serratia Y1	Gut	Immune activation, inhibit Plasmodium	[14]
Anopheles coluzzii	Chromobacterium violaceum	Unknow	Life span, blood-feeding, reproduction	[100]
	Serratia	Gut	Insecticide resistance	[93]
Culex pipiens	Klebsiella sp.	Unknow	Nutrition, development, oviposition	[101]
	Aeromonas sp.	Unknow	Nutrition, development, oviposition	[101]
Culex quinquefasciatus	Wolbachia*	Ovaries, and salivary glands	CI, PB	[35]

*Transinfection.

CI cytoplasmic incompatibility, PB pathogen blocking.