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. 2023 Apr 17;62(3):403–414. doi: 10.1007/s00411-023-01027-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The location of sampling site in Nilsiä, Eastern Finland. b A grid of 10 squares marked from M1 to M10, each including three pitfall traps for beetles (black circles in triangle-shaped arrangements) around the excavation pit (red) in 2007 (except for M10 with two traps since it was partly located outside the forest) and a grid of 27 squares including 40 pitfall traps for beetles (marked from A1 to D10, purple circles) on the corners of the squares in 2008. Earthworms were sampled from the center of each square in 2007 (marked with black circles with no fill from M1 to M10) and 2008 (sampling points marked from W1 to W27, no-fill purple circles) by digging. The map is adapted from National Land Survey of Finland, license CC 4.0 (Topographic map raster 1:50,000; 08/2021)