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. 2023 Jul 19;14:4349. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40014-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Transcript levels of SbTT2, SbMYB5, ZmANR1 and ZmANR2 in developing seeds (14-days after pollination) of untransformed B104, SbTT2-OX and SbMYB5-OX analyzed by qRT-PCR. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3, independent biological replicates). ZmEF1α was used as reference gene. Asterisks indicate significant difference relative to the untransformed control at P < 0.01 as determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. b Contents of soluble and insoluble PAs in seeds of B104, SbTT2-OX and SbMYB5-OX. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3, independent biological replicates). Asterisks indicate significant difference relative to the untransformed control at P < 0.01 as determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. c Selected ion chromatograms of catechin and epicatechin (m/z = 289.0718 ± 10 ppm), as well as 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-catechin and 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin (m/z = 408.0759 ± 10 ppm) in seeds of B104, SbTT2-OX (line SbTT2-31) and SbMYB5-OX (line SbMYB5-51). Peak areas of epicatechin (epi), 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-catechin (c-cys), and 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin (epi-cys) in B104 and SbTT2-OX are shown in the histograms. Data are presented as mean ± S.D (n = 3, independent biological replicates). Asterisks denote significant difference relative to untransformed B104 at P < 0.01 determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Compounds not detected are labeled as n.d. d Phloroglucinolysis of PAs extracted from seeds of B104, SbTT2-OX and SbMYB5-OX using procyanidin dimers B2 and B3 as references. Left, selected ion chromatograms of catechin and epicatechin monomers (m/z = 289.0718 ± 10 ppm); right, selected ion chromatograms for detection of catechin-phloroglucinol and epicatechin-phloroglucinol (m/z = 413.0876 ± 10 ppm). Source data for Figs. 5a–c are provided in the Source Data file.