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. 2023 May 12;17(8):1167–1183. doi: 10.1038/s41396-023-01427-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Inorganic nitrogen exchange underlies the algal-bacterial dynamic interaction. Algae secrete nitrite in a growth-phase dependent manner, with a nitrite peak during mid exponential growth. Bacteria reduce algal-secreted nitrite to NO via denitrification. NO secreted by bacteria triggers algal death at stationary phase, during which algae produce NO. Algal-secreted NO propagates the death signal among algal cells, causing the collapse of the algal population.