TABLE 3.
Association of dietary supplement-related metabolites with the risk of incident diabetes
| Metabolite | Primary supplements associated with metabolite (direction of association) | RR for incident diabetes (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (18:0/20:4) | Β-carotene (-) | 1.41 (1.15–1.74) | 1.18E-03 |
| N-Δ-acetylornithine | Calcium (+) | 0.91 (0.78–1.08) | 0.29 |
| Pantothenate | Pantothenic acid (+) | 1.15 (0.96–1.37) | 0.12 |
| 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5−propyl−2−furanpropanoate | PUFA 20:5n–3/PUFA 22:6n–3 (+) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.33 |
| Eicosapentaenoate (20:5n–3) | PUFA 20:5n–3/PUFA 22:6n–3 (+) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 0.32 |
| Benzoylcarnitine | Vitamin B-12 (-) | 0.86 (0.67–1.09) | 0.21 |
| γ−Glutamylvaline | Vitamin B-12 (-) | 1.60 (1.30–1.97) | 1.12E-05 |
| Tryptophan betaine | Vitamin B-12 (+) | 1.00 (0.85–1.16) | 0.96 |
| Glucuronate | Vitamin B-12 (-) | 1.21 (0.99–1.49) | 0.06 |
| 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (C5) | Vitamin B-12 (-) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 0.20 |
| N2,N5-diacetylornithine | Vitamin C (+) | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 0.27 |
| N-Acetylvaline | Vitamin C (+) | 1.36 (1.11–1.66) | 2.69E-03 |
| Oxalate (ethanedioate) | Vitamin C (+) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | 1.06E-05 |
| Tartronate (hydroxymalonate) | Vitamin C (+) | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 0.03 |
| Threonate | Vitamin C (+) | 0.76 (0.64–0.91) | 3.44E-03 |
| Isocitrate | Vitamin C (+) | 0.71 (0.60–0.85) | 1.64E-04 |
| α-CEHC glucuronide | Vitamin E (+) | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 0.01 |
| α-CEHC sulfate | Vitamin E (+) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.04 |
| α-Tocopherol | Vitamin E (+) | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 0.29 |
| γ-Tocopherol/β-tocopherol | Vitamin E (-) | 1.59 (1.32–1.91) | 1.02E-06 |
| 1-Methylnicotinamide | Thiamine (+) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.34 |
| 2-Hydroxy-3-methylvalerate | Riboflavin (-) | 1.87 (1.53–2.28) | 1.84E-09 |
| α-Hydroxyisovalerate | NA1 | 1.76 (1.46–2.12) | 3.73E-09 |
| 4-Ehylphenylsulfate | NA | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Glycerate | NA | 0.90 (0.74–1.08) | 0.25 |
| 3−(4−hydroxyphenyl)lactate | NA | 1.77 (1.43–2.18) | 1.43E-07 |
| N1−Methyl−2−pyridone−5−carboxamide | NA | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.58 |
| Pyridoxate | NA | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 0.47 |
RR is adjusted for age, sex, study field center, Hispanic/Latino background, education, annual household income, cigarette and alcohol use, physical activity, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 score, lipid-lowering medication use, antihypertensive medication use, and family history of diabetes.
1
NA, not applicable due to the fact that no single supplement ingredient appeared to be driving the association with metabolite.