TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants enrolled in the study1
| Variable | Pregnant women (n = 164) | Children (n = 168) |
|---|---|---|
| Hospital | ||
| Terai | 53 (32.3) | 57 (33.9) |
| Hill | 55 (33.5) | 55 (32.7) |
| Mountain | 56 (34.1) | 56 (33.3) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 164 (100.0) | 84 (50.0) |
| Male | 0 (0.0) | 84 (50.0) |
| Age, (y) | ||
| <20 | 20 (12.2) | 168 (100.0) |
| 20–29 | 119 (72.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| 30–42 | 25 (15.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Literacy | ||
| Literate | 118 (72.0) | 168 (100.0) |
| Illiterate | 46 (28.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Occupation | ||
| Agriculture | 10 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Business | 10 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Housewife | 132 (80.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Service | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Student | 7 (4.3) | 168 (100.0) |
| Tailor | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Dietary pattern | ||
| Vegetarian | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) |
| Nonvegetarian | 162 (98.8) | 166 (98.8) |
| Frequency of vegetable intake (d/wk) | ||
| <2 | 5 (3.0) | 25 (14.9) |
| 2–5 | 92 (56.1) | 102 (60.5) |
| >5 | 67 (40.9) | 41 (24.4) |
| Any multivitamin use | ||
| Yes | 10 (6.1) | 4 (2.4) |
| No | 154 (93.9) | 164 (97.6) |
| Vitamin A supplementation | ||
| Yes | 3 (1.8) | 18 (10.7) |
| No | 161 (98.2) | 150 (89.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||
| Yes | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) |
| No | 163 (99.4) | 167 (99.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| <18.5 | 9 (5.5) | 136 (81) |
| 18.5–25 | 87 (53.0) | 27 (16.1) |
| 25.1–30 | 47 (28.7) | 3 (1.8) |
| >30 | 21 (12.8) | 2 (1.2) |
| Number of previous pregnancies | ||
| First pregnancy | 62 (37.8) | |
| More than one pregnancy | 102 (62.2) | |
| Duration of current pregnancy | ||
| First trimester | 28 (17.0) | |
| Second trimester | 58 (35.4) | |
| Third trimester | 78 (47.6) | |
| Number of previous deliveries | ||
| 1 | 56 (54.9) | |
| 2 | 30 (29.3) | |
| 3 | 11 (10.8) | |
| 4 | 3 (2.9) | |
| 5 | 2 (2) | |
| Duration since last childbirth (y) | ||
| 1–2 | 46 (46.9) | |
| >2–3 | 18 (18.4) | |
| >3–4 | 6 (6.1) | |
| >4–5 | 17 (17.3) | |
| >5 | 11 (11.2) | |
1
Data are present as frequency (%) for categorical variables.