Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 6;11:1170792. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170792

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics (CHARLS Waves 2011) classified according to the subsequent onset of T2DM in 2011 (N, %).

Variables All participants Without T2DM With T2DM t/χ2 p-value
Participants 6,566 5,479 1,087
Age (years) 58.85 ± 9.02 58.55 ± 9.09 60.34 ± 8.56 7.986 0.005
Age groups (years)
45–54 2,196 (33.45) 1921 (35.06) 275 (25.30) 38.899 0.000
55–64 2,674 (40.72) 2,180 (39.79) 494 (45.45)
65–74 1,341 (20.42) 1,089 (19.88) 252 (23.18)
≥75 355 (5.41) 289 (5.27) 66 (6.07)
Sex
Male 2,962 (45.11) 2,478 (45.23) 484 (44.53) 0.180 0.671
Female 3,604 (54.89) 3,001 (54.77) 603 (55.47)
Education level 3.762 0.288
Illiteracy 1889 (28.77) 1,562 (28.51) 327 (30.08)
Below primary school 4,109 (62.58) 3,440 (62.78) 669 (61.55)
Senior high school 397 (6.05) 340 (6.21) 57 (5.24)
Above technical school 171 (2.60) 137 (2.50) 34 (3.13)
Marital status 0.353 0.563
Single 739 (11.25) 611 (11.15) 128 (11.78)
Married 5,827 (88.75) 4,868 (88.85) 959 (88.22)
Current residence 4.413 0.039
Countryside 6,157 (93.77) 5,153 (94.05) 1,004 (92.36)
City 409 (6.23) 326 (5.95) 83 (7.64)
Smoking status
Non-smoking 4,077 (62.10) 3,398 (62.02) 679 (62.47) 8.457 0.015
Former smoking 542 (8.25) 431 (7.87) 111 (10.21)
Current smoking 1947 (29.65) 1,650 (30.11) 297 (27.32)
Alcohol consumption 1.728 0.421
No 4,449 (67.76) 3,694 (67.42) 755 (69.46)
Less 514 (7.83) 434 (7.92) 80 (7.36)
More 1,603 (24.41) 1,351 (24.66) 252 (23.18)
Social interaction 2.992 0.084
No 3,244 (49.41) 2,733 (49.88) 511 (47.01)
Yes 3,322 (50.59) 2,746 (50.12) 576 (52.99)
Physical activity
No 4,012 (61.10) 3,314 (60.49) 698 (64.21) 5.514 0.063
Not regular 1,302 (19.83) 1,108 (20.22) 194 (17.85)
Regular 1,252 (19.07) 1,057 (19.29) 195 (17.94)
Chronic disease groups (counts)
0 2028 (30.88) 1817 (33.16) 211 (19.41) 238.792 0.000
1–2 3,284 (50.02) 2,791 (50.94) 493 (45.35)
3–14 1,254 (19.10) 871 (15.90) 383 (35.24)
BMI (kg/m2) 23.66 ± 3.90 23.45 ± 3.80 24.76 ± 4.23 9.202 0.002
BMI categories
<18.5 378 (5.76) 342 (6.24) 36 (3.31) 109.531 0.000
18.5–24 3,440 (52.39) 2,982 (54.43) 458 (42.13)
24–28 1943 (29.59) 1,563 (28.53) 380 (34.96)
≥28 805 (12.26) 592 (10.80) 213 (19.60)
SUA
Q1 1,639 (24.96) 1,381 (25.20) 258 (23.73) 9.657 0.022
Q2 1,646 (25.07) 1,392 (25.41) 254 (23.37)
Q3 1,644 (25.04) 1,380 (25.19) 264 (24.29)
Q4 1,637 (24.93) 1,326 (24.20) 311 (28.61)

CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid. The baseline of SUA in 2011 for those people diagnosed with T2DM in 2011: <3.533 mg/dL, 3.533 to < 4.235 mg/dL, 4.235 to < 5.085 mg/dL, ≥5.085 mg/dL.