Table 2.
Baseline characteristics (CHARLS Waves 2011) classified according to quartiles of baseline SUA in 2011 (N, %).
| Variables | All participants | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | t/χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 6,566 | 1,639 | 1,646 | 1,644 | 1,637 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.85 ± 9.02 | 56.91 ± 8.70 | 58.44 ± 8.78 | 59.40 ± 9.05 | 60.66 ± 9.15 | 51.584 | 0.000 |
| Age groups (years) | 134.41 | 0.000 | |||||
| 45–54 | 2,196 (33.45) | 681 (41.55) | 572 (34.75) | 502 (30.54) | 441 (26.94) | ||
| 55–64 | 2,674 (40.72) | 654 (39.90) | 680 (41.31) | 677 (41.18) | 663 (40.50) | ||
| 65–74 | 1,341 (20.42) | 246 (15.01) | 324 (19.69) | 368 (22.38) | 403 (24.62) | ||
| ≥75 | 355 (5.41) | 58 (3.54) | 70 (4.25) | 97 (5.90) | 130 (7.94) | ||
| Sex | 951.247 | 0.000 | |||||
| Male | 2,962 (45.11) | 329 (20.07) | 591 (35.91) | 887 (53.95) | 1,155 (70.56) | ||
| Female | 3,604 (54.89) | 1,310 (79.93) | 1,055 (64.09) | 757 (46.05) | 482 (29.44) | ||
| Education level | 126.889 | 0.000 | |||||
| Illiteracy | 1889 (28.77) | 575 (35.08) | 519 (31.53) | 463 (28.16) | 332 (20.28) | ||
| Below primary school | 4,109 (62.58) | 955 (58.27) | 1,003 (60.94) | 1,033 (62.83) | 1,118 (68.30) | ||
| Senior high school | 397 (6.05) | 91 (5.55) | 91 (5.53) | 103 (6.27) | 112 (6.84) | ||
| Above technical school | 171 (2.60) | 18 (1.10) | 33 (2.00) | 45 (2.74) | 75 (4.58) | ||
| Marital status | 1.779 | 0.000 | |||||
| Single | 739 (11.25) | 182 (11.10) | 183 (11.12) | 199 (12.10) | 175 (10.69) | ||
| Married | 5,827 (88.75) | 1,457 (88.90) | 1,463 (88.88) | 1,445 (87.90) | 1,462 (89.31) | ||
| Current residence | 32.455 | 0.000 | |||||
| Countryside | 6,157 (93.77) | 1,571 (95.85) | 1,553 (94.35) | 1,541 (93.73) | 1,492 (91.14) | ||
| City | 409 (6.23) | 68 (4.15) | 93 (5.65) | 103 (6.27) | 145 (8.86) | ||
| Smoking status | 457.536 | 0.000 | |||||
| Non-smoking | 4,077 (62.10) | 1,283 (78.28) | 1,130 (68.65) | 933 (56.75) | 731 (44.65) | ||
| Former smoking | 542 (8.25) | 61 (3.72) | 100 (6.08) | 152 (9.25) | 229 (13.99) | ||
| Current smoking | 1947 (29.65) | 295 (18.00) | 416 (25.27) | 559 (34.00) | 677 (41.36) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 332.912 | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 4,449 (67.76) | 1,319 (80.48) | 1,195 (72.60) | 1,045 (63.56) | 890 (54.37) | ||
| Less | 514 (7.83) | 101 (6.16) | 133 (8.08) | 156 (9.49) | 124 (7.57) | ||
| More | 1,603 (24.41) | 219 (13.36) | 318 (19.32) | 443 (26.95) | 623 (38.06) | ||
| Social interaction | 13.332 | 0.004 | |||||
| No | 3,244 (49.41) | 854 (52.10) | 826 (50.18) | 813 (49.45) | 751 (45.88) | ||
| Yes | 3,322 (50.59) | 785 (47.90) | 820 (49.82) | 831 (50.55) | 886 (54.12) | ||
| Physical activity | 7.457 | 0.281 | |||||
| No | 4,012 (61.10) | 966 (58.94) | 1,019 (61.91) | 1,021 (62.11) | 1,006 (61.45) | ||
| Not regular | 1,302 (19.83) | 359 (21.90) | 317 (19.26) | 319 (19.40) | 307 (18.75) | ||
| Regular | 1,252 (19.07) | 314 (19.16) | 310 (18.83) | 304 (18.49) | 324 (19.80) | ||
| Chronic disease groups(counts) | 14.478 | 0.025 | |||||
| 0 | 2028 (30.89) | 541 (33.01) | 527 (32.02) | 488 (29.68) | 472 (28.83) | ||
| 1–2 | 3,284 (50.01) | 820 (50.03) | 807 (49.03) | 839 (51.04) | 818 (49.97) | ||
| 3–14 | 1,254 (19.10) | 278 (16.96) | 312 (18.95) | 317 (19.28) | 347 (21.20) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.66 ± 3.90 | 23.22 ± 3.63 | 23.52 ± 3.92 | 23.81 ± 3.86 | 24.11 ± 4.12 | 16.009 | 0.000 |
| BMI categories | 51.354 | 0.000 | |||||
| <18.5 | 378 (5.76) | 115 (7.02) | 109 (6.62) | 74 (4.50) | 80 (4.89) | ||
| 18.5–24 | 3,440 (52.39) | 923 (56.32) | 867 (52.68) | 852 (51.82) | 798 (48.75) | ||
| 24–28 | 1943 (29.59) | 439 (26.78) | 491 (29.83) | 503 (30.60) | 510 (31.15) | ||
| ≥28 | 805 (12.26) | 162 (9.88) | 179 (10.87) | 215 (13.08) | 249 (15.21) | ||
| T2DM | 9.657 | 0.022 | |||||
| No | 5,479 (83.45) | 1,381 (84.26) | 1,392 (84.57) | 1,380 (83.94) | 1,326 (81.00) | ||
| Yes | 1,087 (16.55) | 258 (15.74) | 254 (15.43) | 264 (16.06) | 311 (19.00) |
CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid. The baseline of SUA in 2011 for those people diagnosed with T2DM in 2011: < 3.533 mg/dL, 3.533 to < 4.235 mg/dL, 4.235 to < 5.085 mg/dL, ≥ 5.085 mg/dL.