Table 3.
Baseline characteristics (CHARLS Waves 2011) classified according to the subsequent onset of T2DM in 2015 (N, %).
| Variables | All participants | Without T2DM | With T2DM | t/χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 5,479 | 4,783 | 696 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.56 ± 9.09 | 58.29 ± 9.03 | 60.36 ± 9.27 | 0.535 | 0.464 |
| Age groups (years) | 23.826 | 0.000 | |||
| 45–54 | 1921 (35.06) | 1718 (35.92) | 203 (29.17) | ||
| 55–64 | 2,180 (39.79) | 1906 (39.85) | 274 (39.37) | ||
| 65–74 | 1,089 (19.88) | 925 (19.34) | 164 (23.56) | ||
| ≥75 | 289 (5.27) | 234 (4.89) | 55 (7.90) | ||
| Sex | 0.100 | 0.935 | |||
| Male | 2,478 (45.23) | 2,162 (45.20) | 316 (45.40) | ||
| Female | 3,001 (54.77) | 2,621 (54.80) | 380 (54.60) | ||
| Education level | 5.743 | 0.125 | |||
| Illiteracy | 1,562 (28.51) | 1,357 (28.37) | 205 (29.45) | ||
| Below primary school | 3,440 (62.78) | 2,996 (62.64) | 444 (63.79) | ||
| Senior high school | 340 (6.21) | 311 (6.50) | 29 (4.17) | ||
| Above technical school | 137 (2.50) | 119 (2.49) | 18 (2.59) | ||
| Marital status | 5.614 | 0.020 | |||
| Single | 611 (11.15) | 515 (10.77) | 96 (13.79) | ||
| Married | 4,868 (88.85) | 4,268 (89.23) | 600 (86.21) | ||
| Current residence | 0.100 | 0.932 | |||
| Countryside | 5,153 (94.05) | 4,499 (94.06) | 654 (93.97) | ||
| City | 326 (5.95) | 284 (5.94) | 42 (6.03) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.585 | 0.746 | |||
| Non-smoking | 3,398 (62.02) | 2,975 (62.20) | 423 (60.78) | ||
| Former smoking | 431 (7.87) | 376 (7.86) | 55 (7.90) | ||
| Current smoking | 1,650 (30.11) | 1,432 (29.94) | 218 (31.32) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 5.379 | 0.068 | |||
| No | 3,694 (67.42) | 3,199 (66.88) | 495 (71.12) | ||
| Less | 434 (7.92) | 389 (8.13) | 45 (6.47) | ||
| More | 1,351 (24.66) | 1,195 (24.99) | 156 (22.41) | ||
| Social interaction | 0.022 | 0.882 | |||
| No | 2,733 (49.88) | 2,384 (49.84) | 349 (50.14) | ||
| Yes | 2,746 (50.12) | 2,399 (50.16) | 347 (49.86) | ||
| Physical activity | 0.281 | 0.869 | |||
| No | 3,314 (60.49) | 2,897 (60.57) | 417 (59.91) | ||
| Not regular | 1,108 (20.22) | 962 (20.11) | 146 (20.98) | ||
| Regular | 1,057 (19.29) | 924 (19.32) | 133 (19.11) | ||
| Chronic disease groups (counts) | 12.694 | 0.002 | |||
| 0 | 1817 (33.16) | 1,624 (33.95) | 193 (27.73) | ||
| 1–2 | 2,791 (50.94) | 2,420 (50.60) | 371 (53.30) | ||
| 3–14 | 871 (15.90) | 739 (15.45) | 132 (18.97) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.45 ± 3.80 | 23.28 ± 3.71 | 24.57 ± 4.21 | 20.883 | 0.000 |
| BMI categories | 74.793 | 0.000 | |||
| <18.5 | 342 (6.24) | 310 (6.48) | 32 (4.60) | ||
| 18.5–24 | 2,982 (54.43) | 2,680 (56.03) | 302 (43.39) | ||
| 24–28 | 1,563 (28.53) | 1,332 (27.85) | 231 (33.19) | ||
| ≥28 | 592 (10.80) | 461 (9.64) | 131 (18.82) | ||
| SUA | 18.497 | 0.000 | |||
| Q1 | 1,371 (25.02) | 1,228 (25.67) | 143 (20.55) | ||
| Q2 | 1,375 (25.10) | 1,212 (25.34) | 163 (23.42) | ||
| Q3 | 1,365 (24.91) | 1,190 (24.88) | 175 (25.14) | ||
| Q4 | 1,368 (24.97) | 1,153 (24.11) | 215 (30.89) |
CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid. The cutoff values baseline of SUA in 2011 for those people diagnosed with T2DM in 2015: <3.524 mg/dL, 3.524 to < 4.224 mg/dL, 4.224 to < 5.055 mg/dL, ≥5.055 mg/dL.