Table 4.
Baseline characteristics (CHARLS Waves 2011) classified according to quartiles of the subsequent onset of T2DM in 2015 (N, %).
| Variables | All participants | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | t/χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 5,479 | 1,371 | 1,375 | 1,365 | 1,368 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.56 ± 9.09 | 56.60 ± 8.76 | 58.18 ± 8.86 | 59.06 ± 9.15 | 60.39 ± 9.15 | 42.805 | 0.000 |
| Age groups (years) | 113.785 | 0.000 | |||||
| 45–54 | 1921 (35.06) | 598 (43.62) | 505 (36.73) | 440 (32.23) | 378 (27.63) | ||
| 55–64 | 2,180 (39.79) | 523 (38.15) | 544 (39.56) | 554 (40.59) | 559 (40.86) | ||
| 65–74 | 1,089 (19.88) | 203 (14.80) | 270 (19.64) | 288 (21.10) | 328 (23.98) | ||
| ≥75 | 289 (5.27) | 47 (3.43) | 56 (4.07) | 83 (6.08) | 103 (7.53) | ||
| Sex | 853.616 | 0.000. | |||||
| Male | 2,478 (45.23) | 264 (19.26) | 487 (35.42) | 753 (55.16) | 974 (71.20) | ||
| Female | 3,001 (54.77) | 1,107 (80.74) | 888 (64.58) | 612 (44.84) | 394 (28.80) | ||
| Education level | 109.253 | 0.000 | |||||
| Illiteracy | 1,562 (28.51) | 488 (35.60) | 432 (31.42) | 373 (27.32) | 269 (19.67) | ||
| Below primary school | 3,440 (62.78) | 786 (57.33) | 840 (61.09) | 868 (63.59) | 946 (69.15) | ||
| Senior high school | 340 (6.21) | 79 (5.76) | 78 (5.67) | 85 (6.23) | 98 (7.16) | ||
| Above technical school | 137 (2.50) | 18 (1.31) | 25 (1.82) | 39 (2.86) | 55 (4.02) | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 611 (11.15) | 149 (10.87) | 157 (11.42) | 164 (12.01) | 141 (10.31) | 2.221 | 0.528 |
| Married | 4,868 (88.85) | 1,222 (89.13) | 1,218 (88.58) | 1,201 (87.99) | 1,227 (89.69) | ||
| Current residence | 23.449 | 0.000 | |||||
| Countryside | 5,153 (94.05) | 1,316 (95.99) | 1,302 (94.69) | 1,280 (93.77) | 1,255 (91.74) | ||
| City | 326 (5.95) | 55 (4.01) | 73 (5.31) | 85 (6.23) | 113 (8.26) | ||
| Smoking status | 426.219 | 0.000 | |||||
| Non-smoking | 3,398 (62.02) | 1,084 (79.07) | 953 (69.31) | 761 (55.75) | 600 (43.86) | ||
| Former smoking | 431 (7.87) | 47 (3.43) | 77 (5.60) | 121 (8.87) | 186 (13.60) | ||
| Current smoking | 1,650 (30.11) | 240 (17.50) | 345 (25.09) | 483 (35.38) | 582 (42.54) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 299.538 | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 3,694 (67.42) | 1,103 (80.45) | 1,004 (73.02) | 847 (62.05) | 740 (54.09) | ||
| Less | 434 (7.92) | 84 (6.13) | 104 (7.56) | 146 (10.70) | 100 (7.31) | ||
| More | 1,351 (24.66) | 184 (13.42) | 267 (19.42) | 372 (27.25) | 528 (38.60) | ||
| Social interaction | 11.376 | 0.010 | |||||
| No | 2,733 (49.88) | 721 (52.59) | 691 (50.25) | 688 (50.40) | 633 (46.27) | ||
| Yes | 2,746 (50.12) | 650 (47.41) | 684 (49.75) | 677 (49.60) | 735 (53.73) | ||
| Physical activity | 9.307 | 0.157 | |||||
| No | 3,314 (60.49) | 795 (57.99) | 847 (61.60) | 851 (62.34) | 821 (60.01) | ||
| Not regular | 1,108 (20.22) | 308 (22.46) | 261 (18.98) | 269 (19.71) | 270 (19.74) | ||
| Regular | 1,057 (19.29) | 268 (19.55) | 267 (19.42) | 245 (17.95) | 277 (20.25) | ||
| Chronic disease groups | 7.036 | 0.318 | |||||
| 0 | 1817 (33.16) | 480 (35.01) | 468 (34.04) | 432 (31.65) | 437 (31.94) | ||
| 1–2 | 2,791 (50.94) | 694 (50.62) | 682 (49.60) | 712 (52.16) | 703 (51.39) | ||
| 3–14 | 871 (15.90) | 197 (14.37) | 225 (16.36) | 221 (16.19) | 228 (16.67) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.45 ± 3.80 | 23.02 ± 3.57 | 23.27 ± 3.72 | 23.63 ± 3.83 | 23.86 ± 4.00 | 13.318 | 0.000 |
| BMI categories | 42.637 | 0.000 | |||||
| <18.5 | 342 (6.24) | 103 (7.51) | 99 (7.20) | 67 (4.91) | 73 (5.34) | ||
| 18.5–24 | 2,982 (54.43) | 799 (58.28) | 755 (54.91) | 723 (52.97) | 705 (51.53) | ||
| 24–28 | 1,563 (28.53) | 352 (25.68) | 389 (28.29) | 417 (30.55) | 405 (29.61) | ||
| ≥28 | 592 (10.80) | 117 (8.53) | 132 (9.60) | 158 (11.57) | 185 (13.52) | ||
| T2DM | 18.497 | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 4,783 (87.30) | 1,228 (89.57) | 1,212 (88.15) | 1,190 (87.18) | 1,153 (84.28) | ||
| Yes | 696 (12.70) | 143 (10.43) | 163 (11.85) | 175 (12.82) | 215 (15.72) | ||
CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid. The cutoff values baseline of SUA in 2011 for those people diagnosed with T2DM in 2015: <3.524 mg/dL, 3.524 to < 4.224 mg/dL, 4.224 to < 5.055 mg/dL, ≥5.055 mg/dL.