Table 5.
Baseline characteristics classified according to quartiles of relative changes in SUA (changes from 2015 to 2011) (N, %).
| Variables | All participants | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | t/χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 5,479 | 1,369 | 1,371 | 1,369 | 1,370 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.56 ± 9.09 | 59.05 ± 9.09 | 58.62 ± 9.14 | 58.11 ± 8.91 | 58.44 ± 9.18 | 2.565 | 0.053 |
| Age groups (years) | 13.801 | 0.130 | |||||
| 45–54 | 1921 (35.06) | 438 (31.99) | 470 (34.28) | 512 (37.40) | 501 (36.57) | ||
| 55–64 | 2,180 (39.79) | 574 (41.93) | 550 (40.12) | 528 (38.57) | 528 (38.54) | ||
| 65–74 | 1,089 (19.88) | 274 (20.02) | 280 (20.42) | 269 (19.65) | 266 (19.42) | ||
| ≥75 | 289 (5.27) | 83 (6.06) | 71 (5.18) | 60 (4.38) | 75 (5.47) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2,478 (45.23) | 631 (46.09) | 554 (40.41) | 586 (42.80) | 707 (51.61) | 39.008 | 0.000 |
| Female | 3,001 (54.77) | 738 (53.91) | 817 (59.59) | 783 (57.20) | 663 (48.39) | ||
| Education level | 12.523 | 0.185 | |||||
| Illiteracy | 1,562 (28.51) | 421 (30.75) | 412 (30.05) | 371 (27.10) | 358 (26.13) | ||
| Below primary school | 3,440 (62.78) | 839 (61.29) | 843 (61.49) | 869 (63.48) | 889 (64.89) | ||
| Senior high school | 340 (6.21) | 77 (5.62) | 81 (5.91) | 97 (7.08) | 85 (6.21) | ||
| Above technical school | 137 (2.50) | 32 (2.34) | 35 (2.55) | 32 (2.34) | 38 (2.77) | ||
| Marital status | 7.907 | 0.048 | |||||
| Single | 611 (11.15) | 171 (12.49) | 128 (9.34) | 149 (10.88) | 163 (11.90) | ||
| Married | 4,868 (88.85) | 1,198 (87.51) | 1,243 (90.66) | 1,220 (89.12) | 1,207 (88.10) | ||
| Current residence | 0.688 | 0.876 | |||||
| Countryside | 5,153 (94.05) | 1,287 (94.01) | 1,291 (94.16) | 1,292 (94.38) | 1,283 (93.65) | ||
| City | 326 (5.95) | 82 (5.99) | 80 (5.84) | 77 (5.62) | 87 (6.35) | ||
| Smoking status | 21.179 | 0.002 | |||||
| Non-smoking | 3,398 (62.02) | 823 (60.12) | 901 (65.72) | 873 (63.77) | 801 (58.47) | ||
| Former smoking | 431 (7.87) | 110 (8.03) | 93 (6.78) | 114 (8.33) | 114 (8.32) | ||
| Current smoking | 1,650 (30.11) | 436 (31.85) | 377 (27.50) | 382 (27.90) | 455 (33.21) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 31.734 | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 3,694 (67.42) | 938 (68.52) | 946 (69.00) | 959 (70.05) | 851 (62.12) | ||
| Less | 434 (7.92) | 94 (6.86) | 120 (8.75) | 107 (7.82) | 113 (8.25) | ||
| More | 1,351 (24.66) | 337 (24.62) | 305 (22.25) | 303 (22.13) | 406 (29.63) | ||
| Social interaction | 1.819 | 0.611 | |||||
| No | 2,733 (49.88) | 700 (51.13) | 667 (48.65) | 678 (49.53) | 688 (50.22) | ||
| Yes | 2,746 (50.12) | 669 (48.87) | 704 (51.35) | 691 (50.47) | 682 (49.78) | ||
| Physical activity | 8.434 | 0.208 | |||||
| No | 3,314 (60.49) | 828 (60.48) | 834 (60.83) | 814 (59.46) | 838 (61.17) | ||
| Not regular | 1,108 (20.22) | 262 (19.14) | 258 (18.82) | 298 (21.77) | 290 (21.17) | ||
| Regular | 1,057 (19.29) | 279 (20.38) | 279 (20.35) | 257 (18.77) | 242 (17.66) | ||
| Chronic disease groups (counts) | 3.229 | 0.780 | |||||
| 0 | 1817 (33.16) | 452 (33.02) | 452 (32.97) | 467 (34.11) | 446 (32.55) | ||
| 1–2 | 2,791 (50.94) | 698 (50.98) | 717 (52.30) | 679 (49.60) | 697 (50.88) | ||
| 3–14 | 871 (15.90) | 219 (16.00) | 202 (14.73) | 223 (16.29) | 227 (16.57) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.45 ± 3.80 | 23.16 ± 3.71 | 23.49 ± 3.92 | 23.36 ± 3.68 | 23.77 ± 3.84 | 6.241 | 0.000 |
| BMI categories | 24.186 | 0.004 | |||||
| <18.5 | 342 (6.24) | 90 (6.57) | 92 (6.71) | 99 (7.23) | 61 (4.45) | ||
| 18.5–24 | 2,982 (54.43) | 784 (57.27) | 737 (53.76) | 740 (54.06) | 721 (52.63) | ||
| 24–28 | 1,563 (28.53) | 370 (27.03) | 396 (28.88) | 385 (28.12) | 412 (30.07) | ||
| ≥28 | 592 (10.80) | 125 (9.13) | 146 (10.65) | 145 (10.59) | 176 (12.85) | ||
| T2DM | 16.402 | 0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,783 (87.30) | 1,205 (88.02) | 1,214 (88.55) | 1,211 (88.46) | 1,153 (84.16) | ||
| Yes | 696 (12.70) | 164 (11.98) | 157 (11.45) | 158 (11.54) | 217 (15.84) |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid. The cutoff values of relative changes in SUA from 2011 to 2015: <−0.066 mg/dL, −0.066 to < 0.487 mg/dL, 0.487 to < 1.094 mg/dL, ≥1.094 mg/dL.