Table 4.
Overview of evidence-based parenting and child programs.
| Evidence-based program | Program targets | Program as prescribed | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting Programs | |||
| ACT-Raising Safe Kids (50) | The ACT Raising Safe kids is a parenting program that teaches positive parenting and parent anger management skills. The program also creates a community support system with other parents in the program. | Eight or nine weekly 2-hour sessions that include didactic instruction, group activities, discussion, and role play. | Lotto et al. (51) |
| e-PALS Baby-Net Program (52) | e-PALS is an online version of Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) that uses online content to strengthen the parent-child relationship by teaching parents how to interpret and respond to babies’ signals and utilize rich language. | Eleven 90 min home visits which include video of parent and child interacting and video playback to review behaviors. | Baggett et al. (53) Feil et al. (54) |
| Incredible Years (55) | The Incredible Years program strengthens parenting and fosters parental involvement in child education to improve children's skills and conduct. | Two to three-hour parent group sessions are provided once per week for 12–20 weeks. | Camero et al. (56) |
| Healthy Families America (57) | Healthy Families America is a home-visiting program aimed at promoting positive parent-child interactions and secure attachments and building protective factors. | Home visits occur for 50–60 min weekly. After standardizing family progress, visits are conducted on a bi-weekly, monthly, then quarterly basis until graduation. | Ondersma et al. (58) |
| Parents as Teachers (PAT) (59) | The PAT program is a home visiting program used to increase parent knowledge about child development and parenting practices, identification of child developmental delays and health issues, prevent child maltreatment, and boost children's school readiness and success. | Two-year (recommended) program including home visits, group meetings, and annual child health screenings. The number of one-hour home visits ranges from 12 to 24 home visits depending on needs. | Traube et al. (60) |
| SafeCare (61) | The parent-child and/or parent-infant interactions module teaches how to interact positively with their child, perform engaging activities, and address their children's challenging behaviors. | SafeCare delivers three modules (Health, Safety, Parent Child/Infant Interactions) by trained professionals within the home. Each session typically lasts an hour. Modules can be delivered independently or in any order. The entire program can be delivered in 18 sessions. | Bigelow et al. (62) Gaskin et al. (63) Guasteferro et al. (64) Lefever et al. (26) Jabaley (65]) |
| Tele-ABC: virtual Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) (66) | The ABC program has 3 components: teaching caregivers to interpret children's behavioral signals and provide nurturing care, helping caregivers provide a responsive and positive environment to enhance children's’ behavioral and regulatory capabilities, and helping caregivers reduce behaviors overwhelming or frightening to a child. | Ten, weekly, one-hour sessions that incorporate video-feedback and homework activities. | Schein et al. (67) |
| Triple P (68) | The Triple P Positive Parenting Program is a five-tiered system that promotes parental confidence and competence, positive parenting strategies, child self-regulation, and parent communication. | The Triple P system consists of five tiers of intervention that vary in intensity.
|
Calam (69) Sanders et al. (70) Sanders et al. (71) |
| Triple P Online (72) | Triple P Online is an extension of Triple P that provides online support to parents to address challenging child behaviors, teach positive parenting skills, and promote emotional self-regulation. | Eight online modules are delivery virtually as well as video demonstrations and computer-assisted goal setting. | Sanders et al. (73) |
| Child/Youth Trauma Program | |||
| Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) (31) | TF-CBT is a joint child-parent psychotherapy model for children who have experienced a traumatic event and have significant emotional and behavioral difficulties. | Twelve to fifteen 30–45 min weekly sessions for the child and parent, separately. Near the end of the program, 30–45 min joint sessions are used. | Stewart et al. (39) Stewart et al. (74) Stewart et al. (75) Zinny (76) Orengo-Aguayo et al. (77) |