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Summary of preclinical models of postsurgical pain. A series of incisional and postsurgical pain models were developed, stemming from the classical plantar incision model. Illustration modified from Pogatzski-Zahn et al. (97) created using Biorender.com. Details of the models are collated from several studies (98–103, 106, 107, 109). SMIR, skin and muscle incision retraction.
