Table 1.

Various Kinds of CNMs Utilized in the Cancer Phototherapy.

Type of CNMs	Nanocarrier	Active constituent	Application	Inference	Ref.
Fullerenes	Nanodiamond composite	-	PDT	Enhanced survival time, cell apoptosis, and tumor shrinkage with no toxicity	Lee et al 97
	NPs	Antenna	PTT and PDT	Tumor growth inhibition via synergistic PTT and PDT	Shi et al 98
	Micelles	DTX	Chemo-PDT	Increased antitumor effect with radiation as well as synergistic chemo-PDT	Guo et al 75
CNTs	Nanotubes	Annexin A5	PTT	Tumor metastasis suppression with no toxicity	McKernan et al 83
	Nanotubes	Glycated chitosan	PTT	Highly efficient therapy for primary tumors	Li et al 99
	Nanotubes	Spermine	PDT	Better photophysical properties as well as PDT shows lower cell viability	Ogbodu et al 100
CDs	Nanogel	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)	PTT and PDT	Efficient agent delivery with high therapeutic efficacy and lower adverse effects	Zhao et al 101
	NPs	DOX	Chemo-phototherapy	Delivery of DOX to tumor cells with radiation as well as synergistic chemo-phototherapy	Zhang et al 102
CNHs	-	IR808	PTT and PDT	Cancer cells ablation and enzyme-responsive theranostic agents	Gao et al 45
		Zinc phthalocyanine	Photohyperthermia and PDT	Disappearance of tumors with laser radiation	Zhang et al 46
GO	-	Folic acid, Ce6	PTT and PDT	Excellent photothermal and photodynamic properties	Guo et al 103
	Nanocomposites	(4-Carboxybutyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP), ICG	PTT and PDT	Tumor progression inhibition with no toxicity as well as a higher anticancer effect	Zeng et al 104
	Nanoflakes	DOX, folic acid	Chemo-PTT	Cost-efficient approach with excellent photothermal efficacy as well as targeted action	Mauro et al 105
Nanographene	NPs	PEG	PTT	Enhanced biocompatibility as well as physiochemical properties	Georgieva et al 106
	Nanoplatform	Hemin, Ce6	PDT	High capability to suppress the tumor along with ROS production	Sahu et al 107
	Nanoplatform	Methylene blue	PTT and PDT	More toxic to breast cancer cells as well as prevent metastasis	Dos Santos et al 108
	Nanocomposite	PEG	PTT and PDT	Utilized as a theranostic medicine for cancer treatment	Kalluru et al 109
rGO	Nanocomposite	DOX	Chemo-PTT	Enhanced apoptosis of cells and decreased proliferation of cells	Dash et al 110
	Nanocomposite	Iron oxide	PTT	Lesser cell viability in cancer cells and antiapoptotic protein overexpression	Barrera et al 111
	Nanoplatform	IR820, DOX	Chemo-PTT and PDT	Effective therapeutic effect with low DOX and high IR820 as well as higher cytotoxic effect with NIR	Zaharie-Butucel et al 112
GQDs	Liposomes	ICG	PTT	Excellent photothermal properties as well as reduced cell viability of cancer cells	Liu et al 113
	Nanocomplexes	DOX, siRNA	Chemo-photothermal gene therapy	Good therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity as well as controlled release of drugs and siRNA	Yang et al 114
QDs		Boron	PTT and PA agent	Tumor growth inhibition as well as outstanding PA agents	Guo et al 115
	-	Bismuth sulfide	PTT and PDT	Utilized as a photoactive agent with outstanding biocompatibility	Yang et al 116
	Nanomedicine	Copper(I) iodide, zinc stearate	PTT and PDT	Used as theranostic nanomedicine with good therapeutic efficiency as well as imaging potential	Lv et al 117

Abbreviations: CDs, carbon dots; Ce6, chlorin e6; CNHs, carbon nanohorns; CNMs, carbonaceous nanomaterials; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; DOX, doxorubicin; DTX, docetaxel; GO, graphene oxide; GQDs, graphene quantum dots; ICG, indocyanine green; NPs, nanoparticles; PA, photoacoustic; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PTT, photothermal therapy; QDs, quantum dots; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species.