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. 2023 May 17;9(4):1791–1802. doi: 10.1002/vms3.1158

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© 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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graphic file with name VMS3-9-1791-g001.jpg — (a) Total antioxidant capacity (TAC); (b) glutathione peroxidase (GPx); (c) superoxide dismutase (SOD); (d) glutathione (GSH) activities; (e) catalase (CAT); (f) lipid peroxidation (MDA) of frozen‐thawed buffalo semen after supplementation of different concentrations of L‐proline (Lp) and fulvic acid (FA) to the semen extender. Control (c): Tris‐based extender without antioxidant; Lp‐10: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (10 mM); Lp‐20: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (20 mM); Lp‐40: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (40 mM); Lp‐60: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (60 mM); Lp‐80: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (80 mM); FA‐0.2: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.2%); FA‐0.5: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.5%); FA‐0.8: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.8%); FA‐1.1: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.1%); FA‐1.4: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.4%); FA‐1.7: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.7%). Different superscripts within the same row demonstrate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05; mean ± SEM).

graphic file with name VMS3-9-1791-g004.jpg — (a) Total antioxidant capacity (TAC); (b) glutathione peroxidase (GPx); (c) superoxide dismutase (SOD); (d) glutathione (GSH) activities; (e) catalase (CAT); (f) lipid peroxidation (MDA) of frozen‐thawed buffalo semen after supplementation of different concentrations of L‐proline (Lp) and fulvic acid (FA) to the semen extender. Control (c): Tris‐based extender without antioxidant; Lp‐10: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (10 mM); Lp‐20: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (20 mM); Lp‐40: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (40 mM); Lp‐60: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (60 mM); Lp‐80: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (80 mM); FA‐0.2: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.2%); FA‐0.5: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.5%); FA‐0.8: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.8%); FA‐1.1: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.1%); FA‐1.4: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.4%); FA‐1.7: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.7%). Different superscripts within the same row demonstrate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05; mean ± SEM).