. 2023 May 17;9(4):1791–1802. doi: 10.1002/vms3.1158

TABLE 3.

Mean (±SEM) sperm velocity characteristics of frozen‐thawed buffalo semen after addition of different concentrations of L‐proline (Lp) and fulvic acid (FA) in semen extender.

Parameters	Control	Lp‐10	Lp‐20	Lp‐40	Lp‐60	Lp‐80	FA‐0.2	FA‐0.5	FA‐0.8	FA‐1.1	FA‐1.4	FA‐1.7
VAP (µm/s)	25.69±1.30^de	25.20±1.65^de	29.19±1.65^bc	32.28±1.54^b	28.57±1.31^bcd	22.02±1.12^e	22.35±1.47^e	23.78±1.34^e	26.17±1.79^cd	27.33±1.22^cd	31.96±1.39^b	36.43±1.40^a
VCL (µm/s)	39.41±1.65^e	41.05±1.01^e	46.20±1.12^cd	51.65±1.73^b	44.25±1.57^d	35.38±0.95^f	32.77±0.30^g	40.11±1.28^e	40.94±1.64^e	42.56±1.10^d	49.94±1.83^bc	55.69±1.19^a
VSL (µm/s)	20.93±1.03^cd	21.57±1.64^bcd	25.35±1.49^bc	27.08±1.10^ab	23.57±1.42^bc	16.50±1.18^d	17.35±1.61^d	19.89±1.84^d	21.33±1.17^cd	22.83±1.25^c	26.49±1.01^b	30.17±1.33^a
LIN (%)	43.20±1.75^e	44.79±1.62^e	51.72±1.56^cd	55.72±1.69^b	49.03±1.20^cd	39.17±1.58^f	37.93±1.05^f	41.65±1.19^ef	45.78±1.85^de	48.27±1.64^d	53.74±1.22^bc	59.20±1.94^a
ALH (µm/s)	2.45±0.11^a	2.31±0.14^a	2.46±0.18^a	2.34±0.07^a	2.23±0.18^a	2.32±0.15^a	2.25±0.73^a	2.24±0.46^a	2.33±0.70^a	2.37±0.25^a	2.30±0.19^a	2.34±0.72^a
STR (%)	72.73±2.28^a	72.99±2.55^a	72.53±1.41^a	73.45±1.41^a	72.67±1.22^a	72.24±1.66^a	72.68±1.50^a	72.30±1.85^a	72.55±1.57^a	72.48±1.82^a	72.64±1.15^a	73.18±1.09^a
BCF (Hz)	3.28±0.13^e	3.24±0.17^e	5.06±0.19^d	7.21±0.16^b	5.11±0.28^d	2.54±0.12^f	2.20±0.15^f	2.77±0.13^f	3.30±0.19^e	5.33±0.25^d	6.51±0.20^c	8.09±0.23^a

Control (C): Tris‐based extender without antioxidant; Lp‐10: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (10 mM); Lp‐20: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (20 mM); Lp‐40: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (40 mM); Lp‐60: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (60 mM); Lp‐80: Tris‐based extender + L‐proline (80 mM); FA‐0.2: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.2%); FA‐0.5: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.5%); FA‐0.8: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (0.8%); FA‐1.1: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.1%); FA‐1.4: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.4%); FA‐1.7: Tris‐based extender + fulvic acid (1.7%). Different superscripts within the same row demonstrate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). VAP: average path velocity; VCL: curvilinear velocity; VSL: straight‐line velocity; LIN: linearity; ALH: amplitude of lateral Head displacement; BCF: beat‐cross frequency; STR: straightness.