Table 2.
Clinical, hemodynamic, and cellular analysis in children with left-to-right shunts, with and without pulmonary arterial hypertension.
| Variable, median (IQR) or n (%) | Total group (n = 74) | PAP < 20 mmHg (n = 23) | PAP ≥ 20 mmHg (n = 51) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 6 (2.7–10) | 8 (6–12) | 4 (2–7) | 0.001 |
| Gender, Female | 43 (58) | 8 (35) | 35 (69) | 0.006 |
| BSA, m2 | 0.96 (0.82–1.3) | 0.57 (0.51–0.82) | 0.001 | |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| PDA | 39 (53) | 7 (30) | 32 (63) | 0.001 |
| VSD | 13 (18) | 1 (4) | 12 (23) | |
| AVSD | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | |
| APW | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |
| ASD | 18 (24) | 14 (60.9) | 4 (8) | |
| TA | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |
| Down syndrome, n (%) | 11 (15) | 0 (0) | 11 (22) | 0.016 |
| Systolic PAP, mmHg | 43.5 (30–56) | 28 (22–30) | 55 (40–60) | 0.001 |
| Mean PAP, mmHg | 28 (18–35) | 15 (15–17) | 30 (27–39) | 0.001 |
| PVRi, WU | 2.15 (1.5–2.72) | 2.0 (1.6–2.2) | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) | 0.332 |
| PVRi/SVRi | 0.16 (0.10–0.22) | 0.12 (0.08–0.15) | 0.17 (0.14–0.24) | 0.003 |
| Qp/Qs | 3.5 (2.4–5.1) | 2.3 (1.7–3.3) | 3.9 (3.2–5.7) | 0.001 |
| EPC cells/106 | ||||
| SVC | 34 (20–56) | 32 (20–44) | 36 (24–64) | 0.200 |
| PA | 58 (32–85) | 48 (32–84) | 64 (32–88) | 0.761 |
| Systemic | 40 (20–49) | 40 (20–56) | 40 (20–48) | 0.652 |
| CEC cells/106 | ||||
| SVC | 52 (24–81) | 68 (52–100) | 36 (24–72) | 0.010 |
| PA | 56 (28–87) | 48 (44–104) | 60 (28–84) | 0.739 |
| Systemic | 44 (28–90) | 56 (40–104) | 44 (20–88) | 0.054 |
PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PVRi, pulmonary vascular resistance index; WU, wood inits; PVRi/SVRi, pulmonary vascular resistance index/systemic vascular resistance index ratio; Qp: Qs, pulmonary to systemic flow ratio; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; SVC, superior vena cava; PA, pulmonary artery; Systemic (blood sample obtained from femoral artery or pulmonary vein); CEC, circulating endothelial cells. Rest of abbreviations as Table 1.