Table 3.
Relative DID, % by categories of expense and by severity of the COVID-19 episode over the first 15 months of follow-up
| Category of expense | Net DID, US$ | Relative DID | ||
| All patients | Hospital bills (overall) | 6.85 | 11.7% | |
| Hospital bills breakdown | Cost of hospitalisation days | 4.05 | 20.3% | |
| PRG costs | 1.08 | 6.3% | ||
| ED visits costs | 0.38 | 6.8% | ||
| Ambulatory care costs | 1.34 | 8.4% | ||
| Primary care physician visits | 0.64 | 7.5% | ||
| Other costs* | 0.33 | 2.7% | ||
| Medications (costs incomes) | −0.53 | −6.1% | ||
| Medical specialists’ visits | 0.58 | 6.9% | ||
| Primary care nurse visits | −0.29 | −9.6% | ||
| Paramedical professions visits† | 0.11 | 8.0% | ||
| Total DID | 7.67 | 7.6% | ||
| Hospitalisation during the COVID-19 episode | Category of expense | Net DID, $ | relative DID | |
| Not hospitalised | Hospital bills (overall) | 4.86 | 8.7% | |
| Hospital bills breakdown | Cost of hospitalisation days | 2.69 | 14.2% | |
| PRG costs | 0.74 | 4.6% | ||
| ED visits costs | 0.35 | 6.3% | ||
| Ambulatory care costs | 1.08 | 6.9% | ||
| Primary care physician visits | 0.58 | 7.0% | ||
| Other costs* | −0.23 | −1.9% | ||
| Medications (costs incomes) | −0.49 | −5.9% | ||
| Medical specialists’ visits | 0.52 | 6.3% | ||
| Primary care nurse visits | −0.30 | −9.9% | ||
| Paramedical professions visits† | 0.06 | 4.9% | ||
| Total DID | 5.01 | 5.2% | ||
| Category of expense | DID, $ | relative DID | ||
| Hospitalised | Hospital bills (overall) | 69.26 | 48.4% | |
| Hospital bills breakdown | Cost of hospitalisation days | 46.56 | 86.9% | |
| Procedure-related group (PRG) costs | 12.19 | 23.8% | ||
| Emergency department visits costs | 1.06 | 14.4% | ||
| Ambulatory care costs | 9.45 | 30.7% | ||
| Primary care physician visits | 2.19 | 15.4% | ||
| Other costs | 19.76 | 77.4% | ||
| Medications (costs incomes) | −3.58 | −14.8% | ||
| Medical specialists’ visits | 2.59 | 20.5% | ||
| Primary care nurse visits | −0.21 | −4.2% | ||
| Paramedical professions visits | 1.58 | 67.8% | ||
| Total DID | 91.59 | 40.4% | ||
P<0.0001 in Wilcoxon signed ranks test (for all tests).
*Other costs: imaging and laboratory tests in CHS outpatient settings, payments to private providers and patients’ copayments and refunds (excluding copayments for medications).
†Paramedical professions visits: physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech-language-pathologist, dietitians, psychologists and social workers visits.
CHS, Clalit Health Service; DID, difference in difference.