Table 3.
Causes considered avoidable through primary preventiona; ages 0–74 (unless otherwise stated).
| Disease group | Cause of death | Age | ICD-8 code | ICD-9 code | ICD-10 code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infectious | Hepatitis | 070 | 070 | B15-9 | |
| HIV/AIDSb | 137 | 042–4 | B20-4 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 090–9 | 090–9 | A50-64 | ||
| Neoplasm | Cancer of lip, oral cavity, pharynx | 140–9 | 140–9 | C00-14 | |
| Cancer of oesophagus | 150 | 150 | C15 | ||
| Cancer of stomach | 151 | 151 | C16 | ||
| Cancer of liver | 155 | 155 | C22 | ||
| Cancer of larynx | 161 | 161 | C32 | ||
| Cancer of trachea, bronchus, lung | 162 | 162 | C33-4 | ||
| Endocrine/ | Nutritional deficiency anaemia | 280–1 | 280–1 | D50-3 | |
| nutritional | Diabetes mellitus (50%) | 0–49 | 250 | 250 | E10-4 |
| Alcohol and drug related diseases | 291, 303-4 | 291-2, 303-5 | F10–6, F18-9 | ||
| Cardiovascular | Ischaemic heart disease (50%) | 410–4 | 410–4 | I20-5 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease (50%) | 430–8 | 430–8 | I60-9 | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 441 | 441 | I71 | ||
| Respiratory | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 490–2 | 490-2, 496 | J40-4 | |
| Digestive | Cirrhosis of liver | 571 | 571 | K70, K73-4 | |
| External | Land transport accidents | E810-27 | E810-29, E846-8 | V01–4, V06, V09–80, V82–9, V98-9 | |
| Falls | E880-6 | E880-6, E888 | W00-19 | ||
| Fires, burns | E890-9 | E890-9 | X00-9 | ||
| Accidental poisonings | E850-77 | E850-69 | X40-9 | ||
| Drowning | E910 | E910 | W65-74 | ||
| Suicide and self-inflicted injuries | E950-9, E980-9 | E950-9, E980-9 | X60-84, Y10-34 | ||
| Violence | E960-9 | E960-9 | X85-Y09 |
Notes.
The list for preventable causes of death is based on Mühlichen (2019) who relied primarily on Page et al. (2006). We included laryngeal cancer as it is highly associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, which are important risk factors, particularly in the eastern parts of Germany and Austria (Ahrens et al., 1991; Simonato et al., 1998; Tobias and Jackson, 2001; Phelan et al., 2004). Compared to Mühlichen (2019), we added self-inflicted injuries (events of undetermined intent), as there are substantial differences in coding practices regarding the distinction between suicides and accidents across nations and regions (Danilova et al., 2021).
In the original ICD-8, HIV/AIDS was not included. However, Switzerland – that still used ICD-8 at the time when the disease spread – added code 137 to their national ICD-8 version.