Table 3.

Summary of findings of cost-feedback approaches to prescribers.

Cost-feedback to prescribers compared to no cost-feedback approach
Medicines: Antibiotics and inhaled corticosteroids
Settings: United Kingdom
Intervention: Cost-feedback to prescribers
Comparison: No policy
Outcomes	Impacts	No. of studies	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Price
Weekly cost per patient	It is uncertain if a cost-feedback approach leads to a difference in costs, because the evidence is inconclusive.	1	Moderate	A cost-feedback approach was associated with an immediate significant reduction in costs for antibiotics. No difference was observed for inhaled corticosteroids.
				Antibiotics showed an increasing trend in costs after the intervention, whereas the approach was associated with a slightly decreasing trend for inhaled corticosteroids.
Volume
-	No studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found	0	-	-
Availability
-	No studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found	0	-	-
Affordability
-	No studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found	0	-	-

*GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High = This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different^† is low.

Moderate = This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different^† is moderate.

Low = This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different^† is high.

Very low = This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different^† is very high.

† Substantially different = a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.