Table 2. List of Gum Arabic (GA) Effects as a Hypolipidemic Agent in Human and Animal Modelsa.
| study | subject | dose of GA | results | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clinical trial | controlled study applied on 55 hyperlipidemic patients | 30 mg of GA plus atorvastatin (20 mg) daily for 4 weeks | ↓ TC (7.8%), TG (2.9%), and LDL (8.1%) compared to atorvastatin treated group | (65) |
| controlled study applied on 40 diabetic patients | 10 g/day for 16 weeks | ↓ TC, TG, BG, and HbAc1 significantly | (66) | |
| randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trial applied on 100 diabetic patients | 30 g/day for 3 months | ↓ TC (8.28%), LDL (5.95%), TG (10.95%), and BG; ↑ HDL (19.89%) | (67) | |
| randomized, placebo controlled trial applied on 45 diabetic patients | 30 g/day for 3 months | ↓ body adiposity index (3.9%) and visceral adiposity index (23.7%) | (68) | |
| phase II, single-arm trial applied on 47 sickle cell anemia patients | 30 g/day for 12 weeks | ↓ TC, TG, and LDL significantly | (69) | |
| controlled, randomized, single blind, parallel-design study trial applied on 31 participants | 20 g/day for 12 weeks | ↓ (p = 0.008) and diastolic blood pressure (0.009), fat free mass (p = 0.03), mass, carbohydrate (p = 0.008), and calorie (p = 0.014) intake, and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.046) | (70) | |
| in vivo | male albino rats | diet supplemented with 30% GA for 30 days | ↓ TC and LDL | (71) |
| male donkeys | 25 g/day for seven successive days | ↓ TC, TG, urea, and creatinine | (72) | |
| female CD-1 mice | GA (10%) in drinking water for 6 weeks | ↓ TC, HDL, and LDL but not TG | (63) | |
| diabetic rats | GA (10%) in drinking water for 10 weeks | ↓ TC, LDL, TG and ↑ HDL | (73) | |
| diabetic rats | GA in drinking water (10% w/v) for 12 weeks | ↓TG, TC, TG, LDL, urea, and creatinine | (74) | |
| metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model | diet containing GA (5%) mixed with Kishk Sa’eedi (KS, 10%) or pomegranate seed oil (1%) | ↓ plasma dyslipidemia, BG, AST, creatinine, and urea; ↑ HDL | (75) | |
| mice | high fat diet containing 10% w/w GA for 15 weeks | ↓ TC, LDL, BG, and ↑ HDL | (76) |
a
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; V-LDL, very low density lipoprotein; BG, blood glucose.