Table 3. Guar Gum (GG) as a Hypolipidemic Agent in Human and Animal Modelsa.
| study | subject | dose of GG | results | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clinical trial | randomized trial applied on 141 hypertensive, overweight patients | 3.5 g twice daily before meal for 6 months | ↓ HbA1c, LDL, and ApoB without altering TG | (86) |
| controlled study applied on hyperlipidemic patients | guar gum bread for 4 weeks | ↓ TC (10%) | (84) | |
| randomized trial applied on 9 diabetic patients | 7 g three times daily for 3 months | ↓ TC and LDL | (87) | |
| controlled study applied on 60 diabetic patients | 10–20 g daily for 15–30 days | ↓ TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and blood glucose; ↑ HDL | (88, 89) | |
| randomized trial applied on 17 diabetic patients | 21 g/day for 3 weeks | ↓ TC (14%) | (90) | |
| controlled trail applied on 20 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with obesity and osteoarthritis patients | GG (5 g) plus metadoxine (0.5 g) twice daily for 90 days | ↓ obesity, absorption of carbohydrates, and fermentation products in the intestine | (91) | |
| in vivo | guinea pigs (male, female, and ovariectomized) | diet mixed with GG (2.5 g/100) for 4 weeks | ↓ TC (64%), LDL (44%) cholesterol, and TG (22%)b | (92) |
| hyperlipidemic male rats | diet supplemented with 10% GG for 3 weeks | ↓ TC, TG, glucose, insulin, glucagon, and corticosterone levels | (93) | |
| pigs | diet supplemented with 3.5% GG for 4 weeks | ↓ TC, LDL, and TG | (94) | |
| hyperlipidemic male rats | flour mixed with GG (3 g/100 g) for 8 weeks | ↓ TC (17.2%), LDL (29.7%), and TG (28.4%) | (95) | |
| hyperlipidemic rats | diet containing 5% (w/w) GG for 28 days | ↓ TC | (96) | |
| hyperlipidemic rats | diet containing 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) GG for 28 days | ↓ TC, TG, and LDL | (97) | |
| diabetic rats | diet containing 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) GG for 28 days | ↓ TC, TG, LDL, and blood glucose | (79) | |
| hyperlipidemic guinea pigs | high fat diet mixed with partially hydrolyzed GG (12 g/100 g of diet) for 4 weeks | ↓ TC; ↑ excretion of fatty acids and neutral sterolsc | (98) |
a
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; V-LDL, very low density lipoprotein.
b
Ovariectomized guinea pigs had higher TC and TG compared to males and females.
c
Excretion of fatty acids and neutral sterols did not alter the fecal fatty acid profile.