Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of EMMY trial participants with available TMAO measurements
| Variables | All (n = 367) | Empagliflozin (n = 182) | Placebo (n = 185) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 57.49 ± 9.11 | 57.30 ± 8.67 | 57.67 ± 9.57 | 0.700 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 301 (82.02) | 145 (79.67) | 156 (84.32) | 0.246 |
| Female | 66 (17.98) | 37 (20.33) | 29 (15.68) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Smokers | 263 (71.66) | 130 (71.43) | 133 (71.89) | 0.922 |
| No-smokers | 104 (28.34) | 52 (28.57) | 52 (28.11) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 100 (27.25) | 42 (23.08) | 58 (31.35) | 0.075 |
| No | 267 (72.75) | 140 (76.92) | 127 (86.65) | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 51 (13.90) | 27 (14.84) | 24 (12.97) | 0.606 |
| No | 316 (86.10) | 155 (85.16) | 161 (87.03) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28.11 ± 4.28 | 28.25 ± 4.31 | 27.97 ± 4.26 | 0.542 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 89.94 ± 17.51 | 90.28 ± 18.35 | 89.59 ± 16.68 | 0.709 |
| CRP (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 6.20 (12.45) | 5.60 (11.20) | 6.70 (13.70) | 0.150 |
| eGFR categories, n (%) | ||||
| < 60 | 18 (4.92) | 10 (5.49) | 8 (4.35) | 0.724 |
| 60–90 | 154 (42.08) | 79 (43.41) | 75 (40.76) | |
| > 90 | 194 (53.01) | 93 (51.10) | 101 (54.89) | |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD | 48.21 ± 7.97 | 47.51 ± 7.44 | 48.93 ± 8.44 | 0.091 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 764.30 (1371.00) | 746.00 (1097.00) | 800.45 (1623.50) | 0.261 |
| TMAO (µmol/L), median (IQR) | 2.78 (1.98) | 2.62 (1.81) | 2.90 (2.17) | 0.193 |
CRP: C-reactive protein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, IQR: interquartile range, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-hormone of brain natriuretic peptide, STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction, TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide
Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages (%) and compared with treatment group using Chi-square tests. Normally distributed quantitative variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared with treatment group using unpaired t-tests. Non-normally distributed quantitative variables were reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared with treatment group using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests