Fig. 1.

Post-processing of 4D Flow CMR should always include correction for phase offsets and noise masking. Anti-aliasing needs to be performed if aliasing is present in regions of interest. Segmentation can be performed for the whole vessel in 3D or on 2D vessel cross-sections perpendicular to the course of the vessel. Visualization of flow, velocity and advanced parameters is optional but can help identify regions of peak velocities and insufficiencies. Quantification can be performed in 2D cross sections or in regions of the vessel. Parameters can be given averaged over the whole cardiac cycle (e.g. stroke volume) or maximum and minimum parameters (e.g. peak velocity)