Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Serial number | Included literature | Country | Subject characteristics | Experimental group | Control group | Outcome measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Age | Exercise intervention | Sample size | Age | Intervention methods | |||||
| (M/F) | Mean (SD) | (M/F) | Mean (SD) | |||||||
| 1 | David Cruz-Díaz et al. [12] | Spain | Suffering from LBP for at least 3 months | 53 (NR) | 69.57 (2.18) | Pilates + physical therapy: 60 min × twice/week × 6 weeks | 48 (NR) | 72.69 (3.53) | Physical therapy | ② |
| 2 | Ge et al. [19] | China | Nonspecific LBP for at least 3 months in the last year | 15 (0/15) | 64.6 (3.71) | Core stability training: 25–30 min × 4 times/week × 4 weeks + physiotherapy: 40 min × 4 times/week × 4 weeks | 16 (0/16) | 64.12 (2.96) | Physiotherapy | %1 ② |
| 3 | George et al. [20] | Greece | Lumbar spine for a period longer than 12 weeks | 17 (8/9) | 60–72 | Treadmill training: unreported minutes × 7 times/week × 12 weeks | 32 (8/24) | 60–82 | Written information and recommendations | ② |
| 4 | Irandoust et al. [37] | Iran | With the history of back pain | 18 (NR) | 63.1 ± 2.4 | Aquatic exercise: 60 min × 3 times/week × 16 weeks | 18 (NR) | 63.3 ± 1.4 | ADL | ③ |
| 5 | Jackson et al. [38] | Canada | With chronic nonspecific LBP as diagnosed by a physician | 15 (15/0) | 63.0 (3.1) | Periodized resistance training: 60 min × 4 times/week × 12 weeks | 15 (15/0) | 57 (7.7) | ADL | ①②④ |
| 6 | Madadi-Shad et al. [53] | Iran | History of LBP greater than six months | 18 (NR) | 68.01 (2.42) | Resistance band exercise: 45–50 min × 3 times/week × 14 weeks | 18 (NR) | 68.9 (2.57) | ADL | ①② |
| 7 | Park et al. [65] | Korea | This study specifically sought to recruit individuals with CLBP | 40 (0/40) | 71.5 (6.34) | Horseback riding simulator: 30 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks | 40 (0/40) | 72.05 (6.82) | Watch the video | ①② |
| 8 | Teut et al. [81]-A | Germany | Chronic LBP at least 6 months | 61 (7/54) | 73 (5.6) | Yoga: 45 min × 24 lessons × 12 weeks | 57 (5/52) | 72.6 (6) | No additional intervention | ①④ |
| 9 | Teut et al. [81]-B | Germany | Chronic LBP at least 6 months | 58 (8/50) | 72.4 (5.7) | Qigong: 90 min × 12 lessons × 12 weeks | 57 (5/52) | 72.6 (6) | No additional intervention | ①④ |
| 10 | Vincent et al. [83]-A | USA | Experience LBP for ≥ 6 months | 17 (5/12) | 68.6 (7.3) | Whole-body resistance training: unreported minutes × 3 times/week × 16 weeks | 14 (5/9) | 67.5 (6.4) | No exercise intervention | ② |
| 11 | Vincent et al. [83]-B | USA | Experience LBP for ≥ 6 months | 18 (6/12) | 68.7 (7.1) | Lumbar extensor training: unreported minutes × 3 times/week × 16 weeks | 14 (5/9) | 67.5 (6.4) | No exercise intervention | ② |
| 12 | Wang et al. [85] | China | Diagnose as CLBP by a physician | 45 (NR) | 66.55 (3.55) | Baduanjin: unreported minutes × 2–3 times/week × 12 weeks + magneto-caloric and interferential electrotherapy: 20 min × 3–4 times/week × 12 weeks | 45 | 66.72 (3.21) | Magneto-caloric and interferential electrotherapy | ① |
| 13 | Weiner et al. [86] | USA | Participants were community dwelling older adults with CLBP | 45 (22/23) | 73.9 (5.2) | Strength and flexibility and aerobic components: 60 min × twice/week × 6 weeks | 44 (20/24) | 73.3 (6.0) | Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | ④ |
| 14 | Yalfani et al. [88] | Iran | LBP experience over the last 6 months | 13 (NR) | 68 (2.94) | Virtual reality training: 30 min × 3 times/week × 8 weeks | 12 (NR) | 67.08 (2.9) | ADL | ①④ |
| 15 | Yan et al. [89] | China | Diagnose with NS-LBP for at least 3 months | 10 (0/10) | 68 (1.15) | 24-Style Tai Chi:60 min × 3 times/week × 6 weeks | 10 (0/10) | 70 (1.26) | ADL | ① |
| 16 | Young et al. [90] | Korea | Back pain for six months or longer | 24 (NR) | Elderly | Swiss ball: 50 min × 3 times/week × 6 weeks | 24 (NR) | elderly | proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation integration pattern | %1 ③ |
| 17 | Yu et al. [91] | Korea | LBP for at least 3 months | 20 (0/20) | 69.4 (4.1) | Waist and abdominal exercise: 40 min × 3 times/week × 8 weeks | 20 (0/20) | 70.4 (3.2) | Myofascial relaxation | |
| 18 | Zou et al. [94] | China | Diagnosed as CLBP by a physician | 9 (NR) | 65.2 (3.5) | Aquatic exercise: 60 min × 2 times/week × 21 weeks | 9 (NR) | 64.3 (4.8) | ADL | |
①, VAS; ②, ODI; ③,TUG; ④, SF-36; M (male); F (female); NR (not report); ADL (activities of daily living).