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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Front Virol. 2023 Mar 6;3:1103737. doi: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1103737

TABLE 5.

HTLV-1 infection in humans.

Transmission Risk Factors Malignancies Control Strategies

  • Vertical, esp. breastmilk

  • Sex

  • Blood

  • Organ transplant

  • Geographic

  • Breast-feeding

  • Close contact

  • Blood transfusion

  • Organ transplant

  • Intravenous drug use

  • Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL)

  • No vaccine available

  • Screening of blood and organ donations

  • Management of ATL depends on clinical status