Table 3.

Spiritual and health practices - recommendation classes and levels of evidence.

Recommendation	Recommendation class	Evidence level
Brief spirituality and religiosity screening	I	B
Spiritual anamnesis of patients with chronic diseases or poor prognosis	I	B
Respect and support the patient’s personal religions, beliefs, and rituals that are not harmful to treatment	I	C
Support by a trained professional for patients in distress or with spiritual demands	I	C
Organizational religiosity is associated with reduced mortality	I	B
Hospital training program in spirituality and religiosity	IIa	C
Spiritual history of stable or outpatients	IIa	B
DUREL, FICA, HOPE, or FAITH questionnaires to assess spirituality	IIa	B
Meditation, relaxation techniques, and stress relief	IIa	B
Spirituality and religiosity potentially increase survival	Iia	B
Spiritual empowerment techniques such as forgiveness, gratitude, and resilience	Iib	C
Assess spirituality and religiosity in patients in acute and unstable situations	III	C
Prescribing prayers, religious practices, or specific religious denomination	III	C
Adapted from Précoma DB et al., 2019[4]

DUREL=Duke University Religion Index; FAITH=Faith/spiritual beliefs, Application, Influence/importance, Talk/terminal events planning, Help; FICA=Faith/beliefs, Importance/influence, Community, Action in treatment; HOPE=Sources of Hope, Religious Organization, Personal spiritual practices, Effects on treatment