Table 3.

FDA approved indications of VNS.

VNS Modality	Disease	Year	Population	Reference
Traditional VNS	Drug-resistant epilepsy	1997	Adults and adolescents aged 12–17 years	Morris and Mueller (1999)
	Drug-resistant epilepsy	2017	Children aged ≥ 4 years	Labar et al. (1999) Morris et al. (2013) Kawai et al. (2017)
	Treatment-resistant depression	2005	Adults	Rush et al. (2005a) George et al. (2005) Rush et al. (2005b)
	Post-ischemic stroke rehabilitation	2021	Adults	Dawson et al. (2021)
Transcutaneous cervical VNS	Acute treatment of episodic cluster headache	2017	Adults	Silberstein et al. (2016b) Goadsby et al. (2018)
	Prevention of chronic cluster headache	2018	Adults	Gaul et al. (2016)
	Acute treatment of episodic migraine	2018	Adults	Tassorelli et al. (2018)
	Acute treatment of episodic migraine	2021	Adolescent 12-17 years old	Grazzi et al. (2017)
	Prevention of episodic or chronic migraine	2021	Adults and adolescents aged 12–17 years	Silberstein et al. (2016a) Diener et al. (2019) Najib et al. (2022)