Table 3.
Effects of Probiotics on the clinical manifestations of UC.
| Probiotics | Participants | Intervention | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VSL#3 | 14 consecutive patients with UC aged between 1.7 and 16.1 years | 450–1,800 × 109 bacteria daily for 1 year | Effective in maintaining of remission. | Miele et al. (2009) |
| VSL#3 | 9 patients with mild to moderate acute UC aged 3–17 years | 450 × 109 bacteria twice daily for 8 weeks | Effective in inducting of remission. | Huynh et al. (2009) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 | 40 patients with mild to moderate UC aged 6–18 years | 10× 109 CFU for 8 weeks | Improving mucosal inflammation | Oliva et al. (2012) |
| Bifidobacterium triplex live bacteria | 80 UC patients aged 22 to 65 years | oral mesalazine (1.5 g/d) combined with bifid triple viable (1.26 g/d) for 2 months. | The overall response rate of treatment group (91.11%) was significantly higher than that of control group (68.89%) | Jiang et al. (2020) |
| Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult (BFM) | 98 patients with UC aged 20–70 years | one pack of B. breve strain Yakult fermented milk per day for 48 weeks |
BFM had no effect on time to relapse in UC patients compared with placebo. | Matsuoka et al. (2018) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 20 patients with UC Unknown age |
“double” dose of LGG for a week | Reduced expression of TNFα and IL-17, increased mucosal concentrations. | Pagnini et al. (2018) |
| Combined probiotics: Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCIMB 30174, Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB30173, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCIMB30175 and Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 30176 | 81 patients with UC aged 18–70 years | 1 mL/kg/day for 4 weeks | Decreased intestinal inflammation in patients with UC | Bjarnason et al. (2019) |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | 58 patients with UC aged 46.3 ± 14.1 years | 2.5 × 109 CFU/ capsule, one capsule/day from day 1 to day 4 and two capsules/ day from day 5 for 8 weeks. | Increased inflam matory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), higher number of patients displayed clinical response at 4 weeks, endoscopic remission at 8 weeks | Arena et al. (2017) |
| a symbiotic composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Streptococcus thermophiles |
20 patients with UC aged 44.94 ± 14.14 years | one tablet a day for 8 weeks | Increased QoL scores | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Capsule containing nine Lactobacillus and five Bifidobacterium species | 24 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged between 18 and 65 years | 3 capsules daily for 6 weeks | Induced remission in UC patients. | Agraib et al. (2022) |
| Bifidobacterium longum 536 | 56 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged 44.9 ± 14.5 years | 200–300 × 109 freeze-dried viable three daily for 8 weeks | Reducing UCDAI scores, EI scores and the Mayo subscore. | Tamaki et al. (2016) |
| Capsule (containing Lactobaccillus acidophilus LA-5, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBY-27, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Streptococcus thermophilus STY-31) | 8 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged between 50 and 65 years | 3 capsules daily for 1 month | No significant differences | Ahmed et al. (2013) |
| VSL#3 | 22 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged between 20 and 70 years | 4 sachets daily for 8 weeks | Effective in achieving clinical responses and remissions in patients with mild-to moderately active UC | Lee et al. (2012) |
| Capsule (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12) | 20 patients with mild-tomoderate UC in remission aged ≥18 years | two capsules three times daily for 52 weeks | No significant differences | Wildt et al. (2011) |
| Bifidobacterium | 21 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged 43.6 ± 13.2 years | probiotic powder (109 CFU/g) three times a day for one year | Improved the clinical condition of patients with UC. | Ishikawa et al. (2011) |
| Lactobacillus casei DG | 18 patients with mild-tomoderate UC (unknown age) | rectally administered 8–9 108 cfu twice daily for 8 weeks | Modified colonic microbiota | D’Incà et al. (2011) |
| VSL#3 | 71 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged >18 years | 3,600 × 109 CFU daily for 8 weeks | Reduced UCDAI scores | Tursi et al. (2010) |
| VSL#3 | 77 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged 39.8 ± 13 years | twice daily for 12 weeks | Effective in achieving clinical responses and remissions | Sood et al. (2009) |
| VSL#3 | 20 and 34 patiens with UC, respectively, (unknown age) | for 6 weeks and for 12 months (unknown dose) | Effectively induced and maintained remission | Chapman et al. (2007) |
| VSL#3 | 32 ambulatory patients with active UC aged 35 ± 13 years | 3,600 × 109 bacteria daily for 6 weeks | Effective in inducting of remission. | Bibiloni et al. (2005) |
| VSL#3 | 20 patients with UC aged 22–64 years | 6 g once daily for one year | Effective in maintaining of remission. | Mimura et al. (2004) |
| Lactobacillus delbruekii and Lactobacillus fermentum | 15 patients with mild-tomoderate UC aged 48 ± 1.90 years | 10 × 109 CFU daily For 8 weeks | Helpful in maintaining remission and preventing relapse of UC. | Hegazy and El-Bedewy (2010) |
| Lactobacillus GG | 65 patients with quiescent UC aged 34 ± 6 years | 18 × 109 viable bacteria/day for 12 months | Effective and safe for maintaining remission | ZOCCO et al. (2006) |
| BGS (produced by Propionibacterium freudenreichii) | 12 patients with UC aged 18–49 years | orally 4.5 g of BGS daily for 4 weeks | Clinical and endoscopic improvements in patients with UC | Suzuki et al. (2006) |
| Bifidobacterium longum | 8 patients with UC aged 24–67 years | 200 × 109 twice daily for 4 weeks. | Improved the clinical appearance | Furrie et al. (2005) |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | 162 patients with UC aged 19–69 years | 200 mg once daily for 12 months | Effective in maintaining of remission | Kruis et al. (2004) |
| BIFICO | 15 patients with UC (unknown age) | 1.26 g daily for 8 weeks | effective in maintaining remission and preventing relapse | Cui et al. (2004) |
| Kefir | 15 patients with UC aged 19–68 years | 400 mL daily for 4 weeks | May modulate gut microbiota, may improve the patient’s quality of life in the short term | Yılmaz et al. (2019) |
| Profermin (including Lactobacillus plantarum 299v) | 39 patients with mild to moderate UC aged 18–50 years | twice daily for 24 weeks | Safe and may be effective in inducing remission of active UC | Krag et al. (2012) |
| Bifidobactrium longum B536 | 14 patients with UC aged 43 ± 5 years | 200–300 × 109 daily for 24 weeks | Achieved clinical remission | Takeda et al. (2009) |
| BFM | 10 patients with mild to moderate, active UC mean aged 30.2 years | 100 mL daily of BFM for 12 weeks | Safe and more effective than conventional treatment alone | Kato et al. (2004) |