Table 4.
Mechanisms of action of Bifidobacterium in the treatment of UC.
| Probiotics | Strain | Mechanisms of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium longum | YS108R | Down-regulated IL-6 and IL-17A both at serum and mRNA levels and maintained the tight junction proteins | Yan et al. (2019) and Yan et al. (2020) |
| 51A | Reduced intestinal permeability and lowered IL-1β, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase levels | Abrantes et al. (2020) | |
| LC67 | Down-regulated Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 expressions, and upregulated Treg cell differentiation and FoxP3 and IL-10 expressions | Jang et al. (2018) and In Kim et al. (2019) | |
| HB5502 | Inhibition of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) release and subsequent HMGB1-mediated gut barrier dysfunction | Chen et al. (2019) | |
| DD98 | Inhibited the activation of the TLR4 and increased the expression of tight junction proteins including ZO-1 and occluding | Hu et al. (2022) | |
| NK151, NK173, and NK175 | Decreased blood LPS, IL-6, and creatinine levels | Yoo et al. (2022) | |
| CECT 7894 | Regulated the gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism | Xiao et al. (2022) | |
| Bifidobacterium breve | H4-2 and H9-3 | Inhibited the expression of the NF-κB signaling pathway, increased the levels of SCFAs and improved gut microbiota | Niu et al. (2022) |
| CCFM683 and BJCP1M6 | Decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines, maintained the concentration of intestinal TJ proteins and AJ proteins, decreased epithelial cell apoptosis | Chen et al. (2021) | |
| Bifidobacterium lactis | A6 | Decreasing MDA and increased SOD and GSH levels in colon tissues, down-regulated TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and upregulated IL-10 level in colon tissues | Wang et al. (2022) |
| BB12 | Modulated pro-apoptotic cytokine expression | Chae et al. (2018) | |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum | FJSWX19M5 | Promoted Treg cells differentiation and intestinal barrier restoration and induced higher IL-10 levels and a lower ratio of IL-22/IL-10 and IL-17/IL-10 | Qu et al. (2023) |
| FL-276.1 and FL-228.1 | Activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the intestine to down-regulate TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 | Cui et al. (2022) | |
| WBIN03 | Down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated antioxidant factors | Wang et al. (2018) | |
| Bifidobacterium infantis | ATCC 15697 | Reduced the NLRP3 inflammasome mRNA level and increased ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 tight junction molecule mRNA levels | Sheng et al. (2020) |
| FJSYZ1M3 | Decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10, ameliorated gut microbiota disturbance and increased the level of butyric acid in cecal contents | Li et al. (2023) | |
| Bifidobacterium adolescentis | NK98 | Suppressed NF-κB action, reduced the Proteobacteria population and increased the Clostridia population | Jang et al. (2019) and Han et al. (2020) |
| Reuter 1963 | Inhibited of TLR4/NF-B signaling and inducted of intestinal Pglyrp3 production | Ghadimi et al. (2021) | |
| ATCC15703 | Stimulated protective Treg/Th2 response and gut microbiota remodeling | Fan et al. (2021) | |
| IF1-11 and IF1-03 | Suppressed simmune responses in the gut via the macrophage-regulated Treg/Th17 axis. | Yu et al. (2019) |