Table 5.
Mechanisms of action of Lactobacillus in the treatment of UC.
| Probiotics | Strain | Mechanisms of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus plantarum | AR17-1 | Inhibited the upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 | Wang et al. (2021) |
| Q7 | Ameliorated the immune response by regulating the TLR4-MyD88-NF-kB pathway | Hao et al. (2021) | |
| Y44 | Enhanced expressions of colonic tight junction proteins and manipulated the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) and Proteobacteria relative abundance at the phylum level | Gao et al. (2021) | |
| 12 | Improved immunity via activating the JAK–STAT pathway and up-regulating adenosine deaminase and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 protein, and upregulated mucin 2 (MUC2) protein expression | Sun et al. (2020) | |
| N13 and CCFM8610 | Reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and significantly inhibited expression of p65 | Liu et al. (2020) | |
| CAU1055 | Reduced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, TNF-α, and IL-6. | Choi et al. (2019) | |
| L15 | Increased ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, and MUC2 mRNA expression levels, improved gut microbiota composition and increased SCFAs, and reduced the transfer of NFκB p65 to the nucleus | Wang et al. (2022) | |
| HNU082 | Reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule, increased goblet cells and mucin2, increased ZO-1, ZO-2 and occludin, decreased claudin-1 and claudin-2, reduced the content of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MPO, and IFN-g and increased IL-10, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway | Wu et al. (2022a) and Wu et al. (2022b) | |
| ZS62 | Downregulate the levels of MDA, MPO, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and the relative mRNA and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-12, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB p65, and upregulate the serum levels of CAT, T-SOD, and IL-10 and the relative mRNA and | Pan et al. (2021) | |
| 06 cc2 | Induced il-10 production in the colon and attenuated colon inflammation | Tanaka et al. (2020) | |
| CBT LP3 | Increased induction of regulatory T cells and Th2 cells in splenocytes and restored the goblet cells | Kim et al. (2020) | |
| MTCC 5690 | Improved intestinal permeability and decreased MPO activity | Pradhan et al. (2019) | |
| YS3 | Upregulated the expression levels of c- Kit and stem cell factor, downregulated CXCR2 and IL- 8 and increased in the GSH content and IL- 2 | Hu et al. (2021) | |
| CQPC06 | Increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha, decreased the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, NF-κB, CXCR1, and CXCR2 | Zhang et al. (2018) | |
| QS6-1, QHLJZD20L2 and VJLHD16L1 | The expression of ZO-1 and occludin mRNA in the colon markedly decreased | Liu et al. (2022) | |
| AR326 | Restored of the tight junction protein expression and reducted of the abnormal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| CCFM242 | Enhanced levels of mRNA expression of colonic TJ, increased modulatory effects on the anti-oxidant and immune defense systems in levels of SCFAs | Zhai et al. (2019) | |
| AB-1 and SS-128 | Maintained intestinal health by regulating intestinal flora | Qian et al. (2022) | |
| IMAU10216, IMAU70095 and IMAU 10,120 | Decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines | Khan et al. (2022) | |
| ZDY2013 | Down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated antioxidant factors | Wang et al. (2018) | |
| LC27 | Down-regulated Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 expressions, and upregulated Treg cell differentiation and FoxP3 and IL-10 expressions | Jang et al. (2018) and In Kim et al. (2019) | |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosu | MTCC-5897 | Diminished levels of pro-inflammatory markers and enhanced levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β with IgA | Kaur et al. (2021) |
| LDTM 7511 | Increased the expression of claudin-2 | Yeo et al. (2020) | |
| SHA113 | Increased of total SCFA production, down-regulated of the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, upregulated of the expression of the IL-10 and upregulated of the expression of mucins and ZO-1 | Pang et al. (2021) | |
| GG | Down-regulated the TLR4-MyD88 axis as well as of the downstream MyD88dependent activated NF-κB signaling, decreased the IL-17+ Th17 proportion and increased the CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg proportion via the TLR2 pathway, reduced expression of TNFα and IL-17 | Son et al. (2019), Jia et al. (2020), Li et al. (2020), and Pagnini et al. (2018) | |
| 1.0320 | Regulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10, increase the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota | Liu et al. (2020) | |
| KLDS 1.0386 | Upregulated AHR mRNA expression to activate the IL-22/STAT3 signaling pathway | Shi et al. (2020) | |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | ATCC4356 | Increased the contents of SCFAs, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and facilitated autophagy | Li et al. (2022) |
| BIO5768 | Enhanced their ability to support the secretion of IL-17 by CD4+ T cells and increased the production of IL-22 by type 3 innate lymphoid cells | Hrdý et al. (2022) | |
| KBL402 and KBL409 | Altered expressions of inflammation-related micro-RNAs (miRs) and restored the diversity of the gut microbiota | (Kim et al., 2021) | |
| XY27 | Increased the gene expression levels of ZO-1, NF-κB, p53, and IκB-α | Hu et al. (2020) | |
| FAHWH11L56, FGSYC48L79, | Increasing the IL-10 and IL-17 in the colon, and modifying the CCL2/CCR2 axis and CCL3/CCR1 axis | Huang et al. (2022) | |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | R28 | Inhibited the upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 | Wang et al. (2021) |
| R2LC and ATCC PTA 4659 | Increased the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 in the bottom of the colonic crypts | Ahl et al. (2016) | |
| ATCC PTA 4659 | Prevented the CD11b + Ly6G+ neutrophil recruitment, dendritic cell (DC) expansion and Foxp3 + CD4+ T-cell reduction, increased TJ proteins and cytoprotective heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP25 | Liu et al. (2022) | |
| DSM 17938 | Inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated NF-κB pathway, facilitated the induction of immune-modulating Tregs, and lowered proinflammatory effector-memory T cells | Liu et al. (2019) | |
| R2LC | Increased the PD-1-T follicular helper cell-dependent IgA induction and production | Liu et al. (2021) | |
| Lactobacillus gasseri | G098 | Improved serum cytokine balance and increased gut microbiota diversity | Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | NTU 101 | Improved anti-oxidant capacity, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine level | Chen et al. (2019) |
| R3 | Alleviate inflammatory cell infiltration, inhibited Th17 and promoted Treg function | Huang et al. (2021) | |
| N1115 | Decreased severity of intestinal tissue injury, cell apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokines expression | Xun et al. (2022) | |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii | UMNLJ22 | Suppressed the infiltration of immune cells and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, abrogating ER stress–related cell apoptosis | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | JKSP109 | Enhanced the gut barrier, decreased the level of proinflammatory cytokines and oncocyte proliferation indicators, and increased the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive tumor epithelial cells | Wang et al. (2022) |
| Lactobacillus curvatus | BYB3 | Protected the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelial layer and mucin-secreting goblet cells | Dong et al. (2022) |