Table 5.

Health improvement of EMPs through gut microbiota regulation in different disease models.

Source of EMPs	Models	Gut microbiota modulation	Health improvements	References
Polyporus umbellatus	DSS-induced colitis ICR mice.	Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Lachnospiraceae ↑; Alistipes_finegoldii ↓	Increased diversity of gut microbiota mitigated colonic injury, while also promoting splenic lymphocyte proliferation, enhancing serum hemolysin synthesis, and increasing peripheral phagocytosis and NK-cell activity.	(117)
Helvella leucopus	DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 male mice.	Lactobacillus, Akkermansia ↑; Lachnospiraceae genera, Lachonospiraceae_NK4A136, Lachnospiraceae_unclassified ↓	A dose-dependent downregulation for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), as well as for pro-inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and iNOS), while the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was upregulated.	(118)
Lyophyllum decastes	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	L. johnsonii, B. sartorii, B. intestinalis ↑; Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ↓	Remodeling of the gut microbiota and activation of the TGR5 signaling pathway can improve HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation.	(105)
Pleurotus ostreatus	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Oscillospira, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium ↑; Bacteroides, Roseburia ↓	Prevented obesity, maintained glucose homeostasis, and had a beneficial impact on the gut microbiota.	(119)
Cordyceps militaris	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Akkermansia ↑; Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus ↓	Ameliorated fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.	(120)
Cordyceps militaris	High-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFSD) induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae_Eubacterium ↑; Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Blautia ↓	Decreased blood sugar and serum lipid levels and improved intestinal dysbiosis.	(121)
Cordyceps militaris	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, Alistipes ↑; Negativebacillus ↓	Led to a reduction in body weight and fat accumulation, as well as a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, an improvement in glucose tolerance, and a restoration of gut barrier function.	(122)
Pleurotus eryngii	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Anaerostipes, Clostridium, Lactococcus ↑; Roseburia ↓	Suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased LDL cholesterol levels.	(123)
Ganoderma lucidum	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese Wistar rats.	Alloprevotella, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides Bacteroidales S24-7, Alistipe ↑; Blautia, Roseburia, Enterorhabdus ↓; butyric acid ↑	Suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis, while promoting fecal excretion of total bile acids (BAs).	(124)
Grifola frondosa	High-fat diet (HFD)-exacerbated hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats.	Helicobater, Intestinimonas, Barnesiella, Parasutterella, Ruminococcus, Flavonifracter ↑; Clostridium-XVIII, Butyricicoccus, Turicibacter ↓	Gut microbial phylotypes can be modulated to improve lipid metabolic disorders, while also regulating the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism.	(125)
Ganoderma lucidum	High-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats.	Alistipes, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Defluviitalea ↑; Turicibacter, Phascolarctobacterium ↓	Resulted in a decrease in serum levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (ALT), and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as a reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and inhibition of hepatic steatosis.	(126)
Agrocybe cylindracea	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, Dubosiella ↑; Desulfovibrio, Oscillibacter ↓; The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ↓	Reduced body weight, adipose tissue accumulation, improved insulin resistance, lowered lipid levels, improved liver injuries, and restored gut dysbiosis.	(74)
Ganoderma lucidum	High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice.	Bifidobacterium choerinum, Bacteroides chinchillae ↑	Led to modulation of the gut microbiota, improved gut barrier function, increased production of SCFAs, activation of GPR43, and inhibition of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway.	(69)

↑, increase; ↓, reduction.