TABLE 1.

Summary of innervation applications of the cardiomyocytes.

Application	Features	CM	Neurons	Platform	2D/3D	References
Co-culture using microfabrication	Electrical stimulation and measurement with MEA	Rat ventricular CM	Rat cervical ganglion neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Takeuchi et al. (2011)
Co-culture using microfabrication	Electrical stimulation and measurement with MEA	hiPSC-CM	Rat cervical ganglion neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Takeuchi et al. (2013)
Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons to cardiomyocytes in co-culture	Electrical stimulation and measurement with MEA	Rat atrial myocytes	Rat sympathetic neurons and rat parasympathetic neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Oiwa et al. (2016)
Effect of sympathetic neurons to hiPSC-CM (MEA)	Electrical stimulation and measurement with MEA	hiPSC-CM	Rat sypathetic neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Sakai et al. (2017)
Functional co-culture	-	hiPSC-CM	hiPSC-peripheral neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	(Takayama et al., 2020)
Cardiac sympathetic innervation and multitissue interactions	Possible to integrate with commercial MEA	Rat primary CM	Rat primary postganglionic sympathetic neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	3D	Soucy et al. (2020)
Functional co-culture on coverslip	Functionality with patch clamp	hiPSC-CM	hiPSC-sympathetic neurons	12 mm coverslips	2D	Winbo et al. (2020)
Functional connections between CM and neurons	Functional analysis and chemical stimulation with video-based analysis	hiPSC-CM	hiPSC neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Häkli et al. (2022a)
Neuro-cardiac junctions	Functionality with calcium imaging and video-based analysis	hiPSC-CM	Rat sympathetic neurons and hiPSC autonomic neurons	Compartmentalized microfluidic chip	2D	Bernardin et al. (2022)

CM, Cardiomyocyte; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; MEA, Microelectrode array.