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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Front Built Environ. 2019 Dec 3;5:142. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2019.00142

Table 3.

RQ2: Multilevel Regression Predicting Daily Pain Intensity including Rumination, Magnification, Helplessness

Final estimation of fixed effects (with robust standard errors)
Fixed Effect Estimate SE T-ratio d.f. p-value 1
For Intercept, π0
  β00 Intercept 3.4831 0.3269 10.654 74 <.001
  β01 Nearby Nature −0.0228 0.0084 −2.710 74 .009
  β02 Resilience −0.6567 0.5512 −1.191 74 .238
  β03 Neuroticism −0.1629 0.4211 −0.387 74 .700
  β04 Gender 0.2124 0.6394 0.332 74 .740
  β05 Age −0.0226 0.0229 −0.986 74 .328
  β06 Income −0.1478 0.1185 −1.247 74 .217
For Rumination, π1
  β10 Intercept 0.2788 0.0680 4.099 74 <.001
  β11 Nearby Nature −0.0063 0.0017 −3.795 74 <.001
  β12 Resilience 0.0882 0.0776 1.136 74 .260
  β13 Neuroticism −0.0316 0.0657 −0.482 74 .631
  β14 Gender −0.0610 0.0688 −0.887 74 .378
  β15 Age 0.0019 0.0045 0.418 74 .676
  β16 Income 0.0338 0.0208 1.628 74 .107
For Helplessness, π2
  β20 Intercept 0.3080 0.1606 1.918 74 .059
  β21 Nearby Nature −0.0078 0.0047 −1.677 74 .097
  β22 Resilience −0.0643 0.2199 −0.292 74 .771
  β23 Neuroticism −0.0479 0.1558 −0.308 74 .759
  β24 Gender −0.3088 0.2664 −1.159 74 .251
  β25 Age 0.0017 0.0104 0.166 74 .869
  β26 Income 0.0259 0.0438 0.591 74 .556
For Magnification, π3
  β30 Intercept 0.1962 0.1363 1.440 74 .154
  β31 Nearby Nature −0.0036 0.0045 −0.792 74 .431
  β32 Resilience 0.0703 0.1264 0.556 74 .579
  β33 Neuroticism 0.0064 0.1172 0.055 74 .957
  β34 Gender 0.0447 0.1327 0.337 74 .737
  β35 Age 0.0105 0.0063 1.660 74 .101
  β36 Income 0.0139 0.0345 0.403 74 .688
For Time in Nature, π4i
  β40 Intercept −0.0482 0.0260 −1.858 74 .067
  β41 Nearby Nature −0.0007 0.0008 −0.832 74 .408
  β42 Resilience −0.0167 0.0321 −0.520 74 .604
  β43 Neuroticism 0.0828 0.0283 2.922 74 .005
  β44 Gender −0.0156 0.0328 −0.476 74 .635
  β45 Age −0.0022 0.0020 −1.075 74 .286
  β46 Income 0.0154 0.0095 1.615 74 .110
Final estimation of variance components
Random Effect SD Variance component d.f. Chi-square p-value
Intercept r0 1.5729 2.4741 55 175.4792 .000
Rumination slope r1 0.1608 0.0258 55 57.9279 .368
Helplessness slope r2 0.6105 0.3727 55 143.8126 .000
Magnification slope r3 0.2569 0.0660 55 42.9983 >.500
Time in nature slope r4 0.0871 0.0076 55 80.5423 .014
Level-1 e 1.3968 1.9511
1

Bolded p-values indicate significance at the .05 alpha level