Table 1.

Life-history attributes of the main tree species in the study area.

Species	Common name	LONG	MTR	ST	ESD	MSD	VSR
Picea asperata	Spruce	300	60	4	50	150	0
Abies fabri	Fir	300	60	4	50	150	0
Tsuga chinensis	Chinese hemlock	400	80	4	100	150	0
Pinus armandii	Huashan pine	200	35	2	30	100	0
Pinus tabuliformis	Chinese pine	150	35	2	30	100	0
Quercus wutaishanica	Liaodong oak	300	40	2	50	200	1
Quercus semicarpifolia	Brown oak	250	40	2	50	200	1
Quercus variabilis	Cork oak	200	20	3	50	300	0.8
Cyclobalanopsis glauca	Ring-cupped oak	250	20	2	50	200	0.9
Cupressus chengiana	Minjiang cypress	300	30	3	200	500	0
Sophora japonica	Locust	150	15	1	300	1500	0.9
Toona sinensis	Chinese toon	120	15	1	300	1000	0.9
Acer spp.	Maple	200	20	3	50	200	0.5
Betula spp.	Birch	150	15	1	200	1500	0.8
Populus spp.	Aspen	150	15	1	300	1500	0.9
Alnus cremastogyne	Alder	150	15	2	200	1000	0.8

LONG, longevity (years); MTR, age of maturity; ST, shade tolerance (1-5), 1 represents minimal shade tolerance, and 5 represents maximum shade tolerance; ESD, effective seeding distance; MSD, maximum seeding distance; VSR, vegetative reproduction probability (0-1).