Table 2.
Baseline characteristics (means and standard deviations [SD] or percentages) of the participants in the Health 2000 Survey, the HBCS, and the DILGOM Study.
| Health 2000 | HBCS | DILGOM | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | |
| Cohort size, n | 3993 | 1065 | 3269 |
| Women, % | 55 | 56 | 54 |
| Age, years | 48 (11) | 61 (3) | 51 (12) |
| Education, years | 12 (4) | 13 (4) | 13 (4) |
| Current smokers, % | 27 | 19 | 16 |
| Exercise <1 times/wka, % | 23 | 31 | 17 |
| Weightb, kg | 77 (15) | 78 (14) | 76 (15) |
| Heightc, cm | 169 (9) | 169 (9) | 169 (9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.2) | 26.7 (4.7) |
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, % | 21 | 22 | 19 |
| Waist circumferenced, cm | 92 | 94 | 91 |
| Energy under-reporterse, % | 30 | 29 | 21 |
| Energy intake, MJ/d | 9.5 (3.2) | 9.2 (3.2) | 10.5 (3.7) |
| Carbohydratef, g/d | 246 (86) | 253 (94) | 295 (109) |
| Carbohydratef, E% | 44 (5) | 45 (6) | 49 (6) |
| Fiber, g/d | 25 (10) | 27 (12) | 31 (13) |
| Fiber, g/MJ | 2.7 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) |
| Total sugars, g/d | 112 (47) | 124 (56) | 140 (61) |
| Total sugars, E% | 20 (5) | 23 (6) | 23 (5) |
| Sucrose, g/d | 50 (26) | 52 (28) | 62 (34) |
| Sucrose, E% | 9 (3) | 10 (4) | 10 (4) |
| Fat, g/d | 94 (36) | 82 (34) | 89 (37) |
| Fat, E% | 36 (5) | 33 (5) | 31 (5) |
| Protein, g/d | 96 (33) | 92 (35) | 109 (41) |
| Protein, E% | 17 (2) | 17 (3) | 18 (3) |
| Fruits, g/d | 221 (211) | 289 (263) | 279 (232) |
BMI body mass index, DILGOM the Dietary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome study, HBCS Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, Health 2000 the Health 2000 Health Examination Survey
aLeisure-time physical activity, mild shortness of breath and perspiration <1 time/week.
bMean weight in men: Health 2000, 85 kg; HBCS, 86 kg; DILGOM, 84 kg. Mean weight in women: Health 2000, 70 kg; HBCS, 73 kg; DILGOM, 70 kg.
cMean height in men: Health 2000, 177 cm; HBCS, 177 cm; DILGOM, 176 cm. Mean height in women: Health 2000, 163 cm; HBCS, 163 cm; DILGOM, 163 cm.
dMean waist circumference in men: Health 2000, 97 cm; HBCS, 100 cm; DILGOM, 96 cm. Mean waist circumference in women: Health 2000, 87 cm; HBCS, 90 cm; DILGOM, 86 cm.
eEnergy under-reporters were identified by a Goldberg cut-off value of 1.14 for the ratio between reported energy intake and predicted basal metabolic rate (EI:BMR ≤ 1.14) (34, 35).
fAvailable carbohydrates excluding dietary fibers.