. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2023 Mar 30;13(7):1061–1482. doi: 10.1002/alr.23079

TABLE VI.B. 1.

Evidence for screening for OSA in the primary care setting

Study (authors)	Year	LOE (1a–5)	Study design	Study groups	Clinical endpoints	Conclusion
Jonas et al.⁴⁵⁸	2017	2a	SR	110 Studies (1994–2016)	Association of OSA screening with health outcomes	Insufficient evidence for OSA screening among asymptomatic adults; no studies were found comparing screening to no screening.
Abrishami et al.⁴²⁹	2012	2a	SR	10 studies (1988–2008): one retrospective review, nine prospective cohorts	Sensitivity and specificity values of the Berlin, STOP, STOP-BANG, Wisconsin, and SASDQ questionnaires	Reviewed OSA screening questionnaires show inconsistent predictive values.
Kee et al.⁴⁵⁵	2018	2b	Prospective multicenter cohort	Patients with diagnosed comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, resistant hypertension, and heart failure) and a baseline home sleep study who completed the STOP-BANG, Berlin, and OSA50 questionnaires	Sensitivity and specificity values	STOP-BANG had the best sensitivity for screening purposes in patients with diabetes, obesity, resistant hypertension, and heart failure.
Silva et al.⁴⁵⁶	2011	2b	Prospective multicenter cohort	Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) Participants who completed baseline PSG, 4-Variable Screening Tool, STOP, STOP-BANG, and ESS questionnaires	Sensitivity and specificity values	STOP-BANG had the highest sensitivity while the 4-Variable had the highest specificity for moderate-to-severe OSA.
Luo et al.⁴⁵⁷	2014	2b	Prospective single center cohort	Patients both with and without OSA who completed the STOP, STOP-BANG, Berlin, and ESS questionnaires	Sensitivity and specificity values	STOP-BANG had the highest sensitivity among the reviewed questionnaires.
Tan et al.⁴⁵⁴	2017	2b	Prospective multicenter cohort	Singapore Health Study 2012 (SH2012) participants who completed home sleep study and Berlin questionnaire	Sensitivity and specificity values	Berlin questionnaire possesses a high sensitivity and NPV for severe OSA.
Senaratna et al.⁴²²	2017	2a	SR and meta-analysis	35 Studies (2008–2016): 26 prospective cohorts, five retrospective reviews, four cross-sectional analyses	Pooled sensitivity and specificity values of the Berlin questionnaire	Limited evidence to suggest utility of Berlin questionnaire in general population.
Chiu et al.⁴³¹	2017	2a	SR and meta-analysis	108 Studies (1999–2016)	Pooled sensitivity and specificity values of Berlin, STOP, STOP-BANG, and ESS questionnaires	The STOP-BANG questionnaire is the most accurate tool for detecting mild, moderate, and severe OSA.
Tan et al.⁴⁵³	2016	2b	Prospective multicenter cohort	Singapore Health Study 2012 (SH2012) participants who completed home-based sleep study and STOP-BANG questionnaire	Sensitivity and specificity values	STOP-BANG has moderate sensitivity and high NPV for moderate-to-severe OSA.