Table 2.
Baseline ECG and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with heart failure (HF) according to tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter
| Variable | TRV ≤ 2.8 m/s IVC < 21 mm (n = 504) |
TRV > 2.8 m/s IVC < 21 mm (n = 85) |
TRV ≤ 2.8 m/s IVC ≥ 21 mm (n = 142) |
TRV ≥ 2.8 m/s IVC ≥ 21 mm (n = 164) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECG | |||||
| HR (bpm) | 70 (61–79) | 68 (60–80) | 72 (62–80) | 70 (60–80) | 0.26 |
| QRS interval (ms) | 104 (92–134) | 104 (88–134) | 110 (94–142) | 119 (97–154) | 0.31 |
| QTc interval (ms) | 440 (412–460) | 430 (410–470) | 440 (420–470) | 450 (420–480) | 0.001 |
| AF, n (%) | 105 (21) | 30 (35) | 78 (55) | 102 (62) | < 0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 56 (49–62) | 52 (48–61) | 58 (50–64) | 59 (51–66) | 0.002 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 137 (101–180) | 121 (92–178) | 150 (100–217) | 162 (113–212) | 0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 44 (36–53) | 50 (32–60) | 42 (31–55) | 41 (32–56) | 0.15 |
| LVEF ≥ 50%, n (%) | 169 (34) | 43 (51) | 54 (38) | 62 (38) | < 0.001 |
| GLS (%) |
− 10.4 (− 13.6, − 7.6) |
− 11.5 (− 15.3, − 6.4) |
− 9.0 (− 12.4, − 5.7) |
− 8.4 (− 12.9, − 5.5) |
0.002 |
| LA diameter (mm) | 41 (38–46) | 43 (39–47) | 45 (41–50) | 48 (43–52) | < 0.001 |
| LA area (cm2) | 21 (18–26) | 24 (20–30) | 28 (24–31) | 30 (26–34) | < 0.001 |
| LA volume (mL) | 65 (49–87) | 79 (62–105) | 90 (68–114) | 106 (87–131) | < 0.001 |
| LAVi (mL/m2) | 33 (25–45) | 47 (34–63) | 47 (35–60) | 59 (47–72) | < 0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 20 (16–22) | 18 (14–21) | 17 (14–21) | 15 (13–17) | < 0.001 |
| IVC (mm) | 16 (15–18) | 18 (17–19) | 23 (22–26) | 24 (23–27) | NA |
| Mitral regurgitation, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| None/trivial | 334 (66) | 31 (36) | 62 (44) | 37 (23) | |
| Mild | 131 (26) | 37 (44) | 53 (37) | 72 (44) | |
| Moderate/severe | 39 (8) | 17 (20) | 27 (19) | 54 (33) | |
| Tricuspid regurgitation, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| None/trivial | 433 (86) | 36 (42) | 86 (60) | 38 (23) | |
| Mild | 66 (13) | 41 (48) | 37 (26) | 79 (48) | |
| Moderate/severe | 5 (1) | 8 (10) | 19 (14) | 47 (29) | |
| TRV (m/s) | 2.24 (2.12–2.50) | 3.04 (2.89–3.28) | 2.50 (2.34–2.69) | 3.16 (3.00–3.49) | NA |
| TRV—not measurable, n (%) | 16 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (4) | 0 (0) | NA |
HR heart rate, AF atrial fibrillation, LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, GLS global longitudinal strain, LA left atrial; LAVi left atrial volume index, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion