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. 2023 Jul 20;14:4365. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40041-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Photoactive site near the retinal Schiff base (RSB⁺) of HcKCR1 (a), HcCCR (b), and Bacteriorhodopsin (c BR, PDB ID: 1C3W) colored in magenta, blue, and green, respectively, with the cavities colored in yellow, green, and grey. Key residues lining the cavities are displayed as stick models. Water molecules are represented by spheres. The black dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonds. The internal cavities modelled with the program HOLLOW⁵⁰ are shown. The action spectra of photocurrents by HcKCR1 (d) and HcCCR (e) variants. The symbols are the mean values, the error bars, s.e.m. (n = 16 cells for HcCCR_D229N, 8 cells for HcCCR_Y106F, and 6 cells for other variants). f The reversal potentials (V_rev) of channel currents. The symbols (black for the wild types, red for the Y81A mutants, blue for the Y106A mutants and green for the Y106F mutants; filled for the peak currents and empty for the end currents) are the mean values, the error bars, s.e.m (n = 8 cells for HcKCR1_Y106F and WT HcCCR, and 7 cells for other variants). p = 0.02, 0.03 and 0.06 (peak currents) and 0.002, 0.04, and 0.01 (end currents) for HcKCR1_Y81A, Y106A and Y106A, respectively; 0.82, 0.08 and 0.04 (peak currents) and 1, 0.45, and 0.1 (end currents) for HcCCR_Y81A, Y106A, and Y106A, respectively by the two-sided Mann-Whitney test compared to the respective WT. n.s., not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.