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. 2023 Jul 20;3:100. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00313-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — It is possible to see a reduced cognitive function in participants with an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) score > 0.5. In particular, there is strong evidence for impaired visual memory, good evidence for impaired fluid intelligence, numeric memory, and some evidence for impaired executive function. The shaded area represents the Region Of Practical Equivalence (ROPE)—if the distribution of the AD-positive group lies outside the ROPE there is strong evidence for a difference between the groups, and if the mean only lies outside the ROPE then there is some to good evidence for a group difference. There was strong evidence for no difference between groups in errors on the trials B task or reaction time, where the distributions lie completely inside the ROPE. For the pairs matching task, we used Bayesian ordinal regression, plotting here the 95% credible intervals demonstrating only weak evidence of fewer correct answers in the AD score positive group. The mean of the AD score negative group is represented by the dotted vertical line with the ROPE denoted by the shaded area on each side. The 75% credible interval is denoted by the thick bars and the 95% credible interval by the thin bars.