Table 4.
A: Development of variables for the non-dominant hand over the training course; B: Development of variables for the dominant hand over the training course
| Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 | Test 4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Non-dominant hand | |||||
| Peg-transfer | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 623.8 | 470.3 | 447.9 | 442.3 | < 0.001a |
| (504.8–720.1) | (386.6–533.2) | (367.8–536.8) | (367.5–484.9) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 6.56 | 6 | 5.92 | 5.68 | < 0.001b |
| (6.26–7.32) | (5.56–6.39) | (5.56–6.46) | (5.31–6.08) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 26.5 | 31.4 | 32.6 | 34.5 | < 0.001c |
| (23.4–29.1) | (28.8–34.4) | (28.5–35.8) | (31.4–37.6) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 3.09 | 2.06 | 1.87 | 1.8 | 0.18 |
| (1.2–3.3) | (0.98–2.86) | (1.03–2.9) | (0.71–2.49) | ||
| Precision cut | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 915.2 | 602.6 | 571.4 | 506.7 | < 0.001b |
| (579.5–1144) | (332.7–812.7) | (292.8–746.9) | (281–660.2) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 6.52 | 6.08 | 6.03 | 5.92 | > 0.05 |
| (5.53–7.45) | (5–7.23) | (4.52–7.75) | (4.54–7.44) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 26.4 | 28.7 | 32.5 | 31.1 | > 0.05 |
| (20–32.5) | (18.5–36.4) | (20.6–40.1) | (20.2–39.6) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 3.73 | 4.28 | 3.95 | 3.66 | 0.66 |
| (1.76–4.51) | (1.59–4.93) | (1.25–6.11) | (1.41–4.73) | ||
| Balloon resection | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 912.1 | 555.3 | 524.7 | 557.2 | < 0.001a |
| (630.8–1083.4) | (386.1–674.5) | (360.3–620.2) | (337.1–663.3) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 7.14 | 6.74 | 6.6 | 6.39 | 0.24 |
| (6.62–7.77) | (6.31–7.66) | (6.11–7.51) | (5.87–7.2) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 24.2 | 29.3 | 27.9 | 27.9 | < 0.01f |
| (20.3–27.7) | (21.8–30) | (23.3–33.6) | (23.2–31.8) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 3.55 | 4.44 | 6.42 | 5.16 | 0.09 |
| (1.68–4.52) | (1.87–5.23) | (1.95–6.78) | (2.25–5.77) | ||
| Laparoscopic suture and knot | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 1286 | 757.5 | 607.8 | 559.6 | < 0.001a |
| (658.1–1649.4) | (427.1–935.7) | (324.3–667.3) | (346.6–680.2) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 7.01 | 7.04 | 6.76 | 6.65 | 0.14 |
| (6.54–7.51) | (6.47–7.59) | (6.24–7.26) | (6.15–7.28) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 24.9 | 27.2 | 29.3 | 28.5 | < 0.01d |
| (21.12–27.8) | (21.5–27.7) | (23.2–30.3) | (24.3–32.7) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 5.64 | 4.93 | 6.54 | 7.58 | 0.11 |
| (3.17–6.35) | (2.7–7.09) | (3.65–9.03) | (4.28–8.7) | ||
| B Dominant hand | |||||
| Peg-transfer | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 658.3 | 456.7 | 448 | 480.7 | < 0.001a |
| (517.8–778.4) | (389–519.2) | (378.3–497.7) | (357.9–509.3) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 6.67 | 5.75 | 5.67 | 5.07 | < 0.001b |
| (6.11–7.24) | (5.28–6.52) | (5.08–6.37) | (4.43–5.91) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 26.7 | 31.3 | 33.4 | 38.6 | < 0.001 |
| (24.1–28.8) | (28.4–34.2) | 29.3–37.1) | (31.4–43.2) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 3.15 | 2.75 | 2.51 | 4.5 | 0.06 |
| (1.2–3.74) | (0.95–3.15) | (1.5–3.89) | (1.45–5.99) | ||
| Precision cut | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 984.2 | 700.3 | 642.4 | 566.5 | < 0.001c |
| (648–1185.3) | (456.8–876.2) | (445.2–780.4) | (424–668.8) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 6.33 | 5.75 | 5.28 | 5.54 | < 0.001d |
| (5.74–7.04) | (5.31–6.49) | (4.69–6.1) | (4.7–6.5) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 28.8 | 32.7 | 36.5 | 35 | < 0.001e |
| (24.4–32.3) | (28.9–35.6) | (30.8–40.9) | (29.1–40.8) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 4.27 | 3.73 | 3.33 | 3.4 | 0.5 |
| (2.08–6.19) | (1.49–5.31) | (1.11–4.84) | (1.41–4.95) | ||
| Balloon resection | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 920.8 | 604.7 | 560.4 | 571.5 | < 0.001a |
| (646.2–1038.3) | (393.9–707.6) | (350.7–634.8) | (355.4–660.7) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 7.17 | 7.13 | 7.07 | 6.9 | 0.18 |
| (6.54–7.81) | (6.79–7.6) | (6.56–7.68) | (6.26–7.73) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 24.5 | 28.9 | 26.7 | 27.7 | < 0.01f |
| (20.1–27.7) | (21.7–28.6) | 22.4–29.7) | (22.2–32.4) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 3.62 | 2.53 | 3.58 | 3.47 | 0.78 |
| (1.89–4.34) | (1.15–3.33) | (1.87–5.06) | (1.52–5.05) | ||
| Laparoscopic suture and knot | |||||
| Path length [cm] (IQR) | 961.3 | 507.3 | 419.7 | 399.6 | < 0.001a |
| (469–1369.9) | (267.2–656.3) | (202.5–648.2) | (237.3–522.7) | ||
| Instrument idle time [%] (IQR) | 6.41 | 6.45 | 6.13 | 6.05 | 0.1 |
| (6.11–7.13) | (5.91–7.06) | (5.66–6.93) | (5.54–6.67) | ||
| Mean velocity [mm/s] (IQR) | 27.9 | 33.6 | 31.4 | 33 | < 0.01 g |
| (25–30.8) | (25.1–34.4) | (26.8–34.6) | (28.5–36.4) | ||
| Mean acceleration [mm/s2] (IQR) | 13.42 | 12.75 | 14.88 | 16.32 | 0.35 |
| (9.59–19.56) | (8.38–17.94) | (8.8–16.08) | (9.64–18.59) | ||
Significant P-values are marked in bold
A aTest 2 vs. Test 3 + Test 4 > 0.05 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; bTest 2 vs. Test 3 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; c Test 2 vs. Test 3 > 0.05; dTest 1 vs. Test 2 + 3 and Test 2 vs. Test 3 + 4 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05
B aTest 2 vs. Test 3 + Test 4 > 0.05 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05;bTest 2 vs. Test 3 > 0.05; cTest 2 vs. Test 3 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; d Test 2 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; eTest 2 vs. Test 4 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; fTest 1 vs. Test 3 + 4 and Test 2 vs. Test 3 + 4 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05; gTest 1 vs. Test 2 + 3 and Test 2 vs. Test 3 + 4 and Test 3 vs. Test 4 > 0.05