Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| All N = 301 |
No PreCI nor POCD N = 243 |
PreCI N = 34 |
POCD N = 25 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years]—mean (SD) | 72.4 (4.9) | 72.0 (4.8) | 73.7 (4.4) | 75.1 (6.0) |
| Female sex | 131 (43.5%) | 104 (42.8%) | 17 (50%) | 11 (44.0%) |
| Body mass index (BMI)—median (IQR) | 26.6 (5.1) | 26.5 (5.0) | 26.8 (7.6) | 27.1 (7.4) |
| PreCI | 34 (11.3%) | – | – | 1 (4.0%) |
| Postoperative delirium | 44 (14.6%) | 36 (14.8%) | 7 (20.6%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| POCD | 25 (8.3%) | – | 1 (2.9%) | – |
| Diabetes | 72 (23.9%) | 59 (24.3%) | 7 (20.6%) | 6 (24.0%) |
| Hypertension | 203 (67.4%) | 163 (67.1%) | 22 (64.7%) | 18 (72.0%) |
| History of stroke | 13 (4.3%) | 9 (3.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| Malignancy | 115 (38.2%) | 96 (39.5%) | 12 (35.3%) | 7 (28.0%) |
| Preoperative anaemia | 81 (26.9%) | 65 (26.7%) | 9 (26.5%) | 8 (23.0%) |
| Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)—median (IQR) | 29 (2.0) | 29 (2) | 28 (2) | 28 (1.1) |
| Benzodiazepine premedication | 38 (12.6%) | 29 (11.9%) | 4 (11.8%) | 5 (20.0%) |
| Duration of anesthesia [min]—mean (SD) |
183.9 (116.3) N = 295 |
194.5 (120.7) N = 238 |
137.8 (88.8) N = 33 |
142.4 (74.6) |
| Type of anesthesia | ||||
| General | 230 (76.4%) | 178 (73.3%) | 31 (91.2%) | 22 (88.0%) |
| Regional | 15 (5%) | 13 (5.3%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| Combined | 56 (18.6%) | 52 (21.4%) | 2 (5.9%) | 2 (8.0%) |
| Type of surgery | ||||
| Musculoskeletal | 85 (28.2%) | 69 (28.4%) | 9 (26.5%) | 8 (32.0%) |
| Gastrointestinal | 51 (16.9%) | 45 (18.5%) | 2 (5.9%) | 4 (16.0%) |
| Cardiovascular or thoracic | 17 (5.6%) | 15 (6.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| Genitourinary | 66 (21.9%) | 54 (22.2%) | 9 (26.5%) | 3 (12.0%) |
| Otorhinolaryngology | 23 (7.6%) | 16 (6.6%) | 6 (17.6%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| Oral and maxillofacial | 16 (5.3%) | 10 (4.1%) | 5 (14.7%) | 1 (4.0%) |
| Ophthalmology | 22 (7.3%) | 18 (7.4%) | 1 (2.9%) | 3 (12.0%) |
| Neurosurgery | 6 (2.0%) | 3 (1.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 2 (8.0%) |
| Other | 15 (5.0%) | 13 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.0%) |
| ASA score | ||||
| ASA I | 7 (2.3%) | 6 (2.5%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) |
| ASA II | 204 (67.8%) | 166 (68.3%) | 23 (67.6%) | 16 (64%) |
| ASA III | 90 (29.9%) | 71 (29.2%) | 10 (29.4%) | 9 (36%) |
| Length of stay [days]—median (IQR) | 6 (6) | 6 (6) | 5.5 (5.25) | 4 (6) |
| Inhouse mortality | 5 (1.7%) | 4 (1.6%) | 1 (2.9%) | – |
| Follow-up at 3 months | 212 (70.4%) | 168 (69.1%) | 20 (58.8%) | – |
| Thalamus volume [cm3]—mean (SD) | 12.9 (1.6) | 13.0 (2.5) | 12.5 (1.3) | 13.1 (1.6) |
| Intracranial volume [cm3]—mean (SD) | 1339.0 (212.4) | 1333.4 (207.9) | 1321.6 (216.8) | 1414.7 (239.4) |
The table shows characteristics of all participants, the preoperative cognitive impairment (preCI) group and the postoperative cognitive dysfunction group (POCD) group. For categorical variables percentages are given instead of mean and standard deviation (SD) in parentheses. Percentages refer to the proportion of the corresponding group. The N of patients with available data was added in grey to items with cases of missing data. (ASA score ≙ American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Physical Status Classification; IQR ≙ Interquartile Range ≙ 25th to 75th percentile).