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. 2023 Feb 8;57(14):921–929. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105435

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Association of PA with incident CVD across individual-level SES. Small squares denote point estimates of the sub-HR, and the bars indicate 95% CI. Reference: high PA; Y axis is in log scale. Individual-level SES was created using latent class analysis of three socioeconomic factors (household income, education and employment status) and was categorised into low, medium and high. IPAQ_MVPA: participants’ PA measured using the IPAQ was categorised as low (<600 MET-min/week), medium (600–<3000 MET-min/week) and high (≥3000 MET-min/week). Low SES: high IPAQ_MVPA (9612/29 796), medium IPAQ_MVPA (9155/28 142, 1.01 (0.98–1.04)), low IPAQ_MVPA (2672/8276, 1.00 (0.95–1.04)). Medium SES: high (13 948/43 887), medium (15 994/50 705, 0.99 (0.97–1.01)), low (5375/16 783, 1.00 (0.97–1.03)). High SES: high (10 658/33 107), medium (20 215/64 038, 0.97 (0.95–0.99)), low (6083/19 105, 0.97 (0.94–1.00)). ACCEL_MVPA: device-measured total PA was measured using the Axivity AX3 triaxial accelerometer worn on the participant’s dominant wrist for a 7-day period. The total number of minutes spent on MVPA (a sum of moderate and vigorous activities) was extracted and categorised into tertile-based thirds. ‘Low’ indicates the first tertile; ‘medium’ indicates the second tertile; and ‘high’ indicates third tertile. Low SES: high ACCEL_MVPA (617/2534), medium ACCEL_MVPA (794/2686, 1.11 (0.97–1.28)), low ACCEL_MVPA (1045/3099, 1.13 (0.99–1.28)). Medium SES: high (1281/6234), medium (1023/6238, 1.09 (0.99–1.19)), low (1693/5942, 1.14 (1.04–1.25)). High SES: high (5942/9080), medium (1633/8402, 1.13 (1.04–1.23)), low (1723/7366, 1.15 (1.06–1.26)). LTPA was calculated using the frequency and duration of walking for pleasure, other exercises and strenuous sports in the last 4 weeks and categorised into tertile-based thirds. Low SES: high LTPA (6360/19 384), medium LTPA (6198/19 180, 0.98 (0.95–1.02)), low LTPA (6581/20 802, 0.96 (0.93–0.99)). Medium SES: high (10 034/31 895), medium (10 712/33 502, 1.01 (0.98–1.04)), low (11 114/34 965, 1.00 (0.98–1.03)). High SES: high (12 152/38 123), medium (12 158/38 075, 0.99 (0.97–1.02)), low (10 339/32 599, 0.98 (0.96–1.01)). Household PA was assessed by asking participants the frequency and duration of light and heavy do-it-yourself activities in the last 4 weeks and categorised into tertile-based thirds. Low SES: high household PA (4576/14 106), medium: high household PA (4377/13 657, 0.98 (0.94–1.03)), low: high household PA (5024/15 399, 1.01 (0.96–1.05)). Medium SES: high (7880/24 847), medium (8378/26 283, 0.99 (0.96–1.02)), low (7979/25 241, 0.99 (0.96–1.02)). High SES: High (8364/26 384), medium (9666/30 612, 0.99 (0.96–1.02)), low (8780/27 288, 1.02 (0.99–1.05)).ACCEL_MVPA, accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ_MVPA, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; SES, socioeconomic status.